Note. Boxplots display the interquartile range (IQR, center box), and the whiskers extend 1.5*IQR from the lower and upper hinge. The white point indicates the mean and the white center line indicates the median.


Data Preparation

Import Data

In a first step we import the raw data of the review from the shared coding Google Sheet. We, primarily, import the database of the scale validations and the review of the empirical papers. Beyond that we also import the separate lists of codes used.

Prepare Data Frames

We then go on to clean the data sets in order to use them in later analyses and keep track of exclusion filters.

Analysis

Scale Validations

The first data set we assess is a database of scale validations. We bring together the scales suggested in previous reviews as well as validation studies we identified in our own review. Throughout our literature review we found five major reviews that reviewed the measurement of acculturation (Celenk & Van de Vijver, 2011; Maestas, 2000; Matsudaira, 2006; Wallace et al., 2010; Zane & Mak, 2004).

Exclusions

Taken together these five reviews collected a total of 96 scales. From our own review we added 147 additional validation studies. ]. Of these scales we ultimately had to exclude 23, because they were either not accessible or did not fit the the topic of our review (see Table 1).

Table 1: Reasons for Exclusion
Exclusion Reason Frequency
items not accessible 15
paper not accessible 4
chapter not accessible 1
not acculturation 1
not measured 1
thesis not accessible 1

The remaining 215 scales are listed in Table 2.

Table 2: Integration Scales
Scale CitationKey Source a Affect Behavior Cognition Desire Sample IncludesMajority HostCountry OriginCountry
Abbreviated Multidimensional Acculturation Scale (AMAS) Zea2003 CEL; MAT; WAL 1 1 1 0 general 0 United States of America Latinx
Acculturation and Nutrition Needs Assessment Fitzgerald2006 WAL 0 1 0 0 NA NA NA NA
Acculturation Attitude Scale (Safdar, Struthers, & van Oudenhoven, 2009) Safdar2009 OWN 0 1 1 0 general 0 United States of America, Netherlands, United Kingdom Iran
Acculturation Attitude Scale (Sam, 1995) Sam1995a OWN 0 0 1 1 youth 0 Third World NA
acculturation attitudes - one statement (Arends-Tóth & van de Vijver, 2007) Arends-Toth2007 OWN 0 1 1 0 general 0 Netherlands Turkey
acculturation attitudes - two statements (Arends-Tóth & van de Vijver, 2007) Arends-Toth2007 OWN 0 1 1 0 general 0 Netherlands Turkey
acculturation attitudes - four statements (Arends-Tóth & van de Vijver, 2007) Arends-Toth2007 OWN 0 1 1 0 general 0 Netherlands Turkey
Mutual Intercultural Relations in Plural Societies - Acculturation Attitudes Scale (MIRIPS) Berry2010 CEL 1 1 1 1 general 1 multiple multiple
Acculturation Attitudes Scale (Sam & Berry, 1995) Sam1995 CEL; MAT 1 1 1 1 youth 0 Norway Third World
Acculturation Index (AI; Ward & Kennedy, 1994) Ward1994 MAT 0 1 1 0 general 0 multiple New Zealand
Acculturation Index (Ward, & Rana-Deuba, 1999) Ward1999 CEL 0 1 1 0 general 0 Nepal any
Acculturation Orientation (based on Horenczyk, 1996, 2000) Ben-Shalom2003 OWN 1 0 1 1 soldiers 0 Israel former Soviet Union
Acculturation Questionnaire for Children VanDeVijver1999 MAT 0 1 1 0 youth 0 Netherlands any
Acculturation Rating Scale for Arab-American-II Jadalla2015 OWN 1 1 1 0 general 0 United States of America Arabic Countries
Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans Cuellar1980 CEL; MAE; MAT; WAL; ZAN 0 1 1 0 clinical 0 United States of America Mexico
Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican-Americans - Revised (ARSMA-II) Cuellar1995a CEL; MAE; MAT; WAL; ZAN 1 1 1 0 students 1 United States of America Mexico
Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican-Americans- Short Form Dawson1996 CEL; MAE; WAL 0 1 1 0 general 0 United States of America Hispanic
Acculturation Scale (Arends-Tóth & van de Vijver, 2000) Arends-Toth2000 OWN 0 1 1 0 general 1 Netherlands any
Acculturation Scale (Cheung, 1995) Cheung1995 OWN 1 1 1 1 general 0 New Zealand Cambodia
Acculturation Scale (Ghuman, 1991) Ghuman1991 MAT 1 0 1 1 youth 0 United Kingdom any
Acculturation Scale (Ghuman, 1997) Ghuman1997 CEL 0 0 1 1 youth 0 United Kingdom India
Acculturation Scale (Ghuman, 2000) Ghuman2000 MAT 0 0 1 1 youth 0 Australia South Asia
Acculturation Scale for Southeast Asians Anderson1993 MAE; MAT; ZAN 0 1 1 0 general 0 United States of America Southeast Asia
Acculturation Scale for Vietnamese Adolescents Nguyen1999 CEL; MAE; MAT 1 1 1 1 youth 0 United States of America Vietnam
Relative Acculturation Extended Model Scale (real and ideal acculturation strategies and attitudes [RAEM]) Navas2007 OWN 0 1 1 1 general 1 Spain Morocco, Sub-Saharan Africa
Acculturation, Habits and Interests Multicultural Scale for Adolescents (AHIMSA) Unger2002 CEL; WAL 1 1 1 0 youth 1 United States of America any
Acculturative Hassles Vinokurov2002 CEL 0 1 0 0 refugee 0 Russia, United States of America former Soviet Union
Acculturative Stress Inventory for Children Suarez-Morales2007 CEL 1 1 1 0 youth 0 United States of America Hispanic
Acculturative Stress Scale DeSnyder1987 CEL 1 1 1 0 general 0 United States of America Mexico
Adopt and Keep Scale Swaidan2006 CEL 0 1 1 0 general 0 United States of America Middle East, Asia
African American Acculturation Scale (Landrine & Klonoff, 1994) Landrine1994 CEL; MAT; ZAN 1 1 1 0 general 1 United States of America United States of America
African American Acculturation Scale (Snowden & Hines, 1999) Snowden1999 MAT; ZAN 1 1 1 0 general 0 United States of America United States of America
African American Acculturation Scale Revised (Klonoff & Landrine, 2000) Klonoff2000 MAT 0 1 1 0 general 0 United States of America United States of America
American and Puerto Rican Cultural Involvement Scales Cortes1994 MAT; WAL; MAE 1 0 1 0 general 0 United States of America Puerto Rico
American Puerto Rican Acculturation Scale Cortes2003 CEL 1 0 1 0 general 0 United States of America Puerto Rico
Asian American Multidimensional Acculturation Scale (AAMAS; Chung, Kim, & Abreu, 2004) GimChung2004 CEL; MAT 1 1 1 1 students 0 United States of America Asia, South Korea
Asian Values Scale Kim1999 MAT; ZAN 0 0 1 0 students 1 United States of America Asia
Behavioral Acculturation Scale Szapocznik1978 MAE; MAT; ZAN 0 1 1 1 general 1 United States of America Cuba
Benet-Martinez Acculturation Scale NA CEL 1 1 1 1 ? ? United States of America LatinX, Cuba
Bicultural Identity Integration Scale (BIIS-1) Benet-Martinez2005 CEL 1 0 1 0 general 0 United States of America China
Bicultural Identity Integration Scale (BIIS-2) Huynh2018 CEL 1 0 1 0 students 0 United States of America any
Bicultural Involvement Questionnaire Szapocznik1980 CEL; MAT; ZAN 1 0 0 1 youth 0 United States of America Cuba, Hispanic
Biculturalism/Multiculturalism Experience Inventory Ramirez1983 MAT; ZAN 1 1 0 0 general 0 United States of America Hispanic
Bidimensional acculturation scale for Korean Americans Jang2007 OWN 1 1 1 0 general 0 United States of America South Korea
Bidimensional Acculturation Scale for Hispanics Marin1996 CEL; MAE; MAT; WAL; ZAN 1 1 0 0 general 0 United States of America Hispanic
Brief Acculturation Scale Meredith2000 CEL; MAE; MAT 0 1 1 0 general 0 United States of America Japan
Brief Acculturation Scale for Hispanics Norris1996 CEL; MAT; WAL; ZAN 1 1 0 0 youth 0 United States of America Hispanic
Subjective Acculturation Measure Norris1996 OWN 1 0 1 0 general 0 United States of America LatinX
Chicano Adolescent Acculturation Scale Olmedo1978 MAE; WAL 0 0 1 0 youth 1 United States of America Mexico
Children’s Acculturation Scale Franco1983 CEL; MAE; MAT; ZAN 0 1 1 0 youth 0 United States of America Mexico
Children’s Hispanic Background Scale Martinez1984 CEL; WAL; ZAN 0 1 1 0 youth 0 United States of America Mexico
Cultural Awareness-Ethnic Loyalty Scale Keefe1987 MAE; WAL 0 1 1 0 general 0 United States of America Mexico
Cultural Health Attributions Questionnaire Murguia2000 WAL 0 0 1 0 general 0 United States of America Hispanic
Cultural Life Styles Inventory Mendoza1989 CEL; MAE; MAT; ZAN 1 1 1 0 general 1 United States of America Mexico
Cultural Readjustment Rating Questionnaire Spradley1972 CEL 1 1 1 0 students 1 United States of America China
Cultural Values Conflict Scale Inman2001 MAT 1 1 1 1 women 0 United States of America South Asia
Culture Shock Questionnaire Mumford1998 CEL 1 1 1 1 general 0 multiple United Kingdom
East Asian Acculturation Measure Barry2001 OWN 1 1 1 0 general 0 United States of America China, Japan, South Korea
Enculturation Measure for Native American Youth Zimmerman1996 MAT 1 1 1 0 youth 0 United States of America Native
European American Value Scale for Asian Americans Wolfe2001 MAT 0 0 1 0 students 1 United States of America Asia
General Ethnicity Questionnaire Tsai2000 CEL; ZAN 1 1 1 1 students 0 United States of America China
Greek-American Acculturation Scale Harris1996 MAT 1 1 1 1 general 1 United States of America Greece
Hawaiian Culture Scale Adolescent version Hishinuma2000 MAT 0 1 1 0 students 1 United States of America Native
Hazuda Scale Hazuda1988 MAT 0 1 1 0 general 1 United States of America Mexico
Homesickness and Contentment Scale Shin1999 CEL 1 1 1 1 students 0 United States of America China, South Korea
Greek Immigrant Acculturation Scale Madianos2008 OWN 0 1 1 0 general 0 Greece any
Immigration Policy Lab (IPL-24) Integration Index - 24 items Harder2018 OWN 1 0 1 0 general 0 United States, Germany any
Immigration Policy Lab (IPL-12) Integration Index - 12 items Harder2018 OWN 1 0 1 0 general 0 United States, Germany any
Integration Efforts Guest1993 OWN 0 1 0 0 general 0 United States of America any
Intercultural Adjustment Potential Scale (ICAPS) Matsumoto2001 OWN 1 1 1 0 general 0 United States of America Japan
Internal-External Ethnic Identity Measure Kwan1997 CEL 0 1 1 1 general 0 United States of America China
Italian Ethnic Identity Measure Laroche2005 CEL 0 1 1 0 general 0 Canada Italy
Italian-Canadian Acculturation Scale (Kim, Laroche, & Tomiuk, 2001) Kim2001 OWN 1 1 1 0 general 0 Canada Italy
Language-based Acculturation Scale Deyo1985 CEL; MAT; MAE 0 1 1 0 clinical 0 United States of America Mexico
Language, Identity, and Behavioral Acculturation Scale Birman2002 OWN 0 1 1 0 refugee students 0 United States of America former Soviet Union
Multidimensional Measure of Cultural Identity Scales for Latinos and Latinas Felix-Ortiz1994 WAL; MAE 0 1 1 0 students 0 United States of America Latinx
Los Angeles Epidemiologic Catchment Area-Acculturation Scale Burnam1987 MAE; WAL 0 1 0 0 general 0 United States of America Mexico
Media Acculturation Scale Ramirez1986 CEL; WAL; ZAN 0 1 0 0 general 0 United States of America Mexico
Mexican American Acculturation Scale Montgomery1992 MAE; WAL 1 1 1 0 students 1 United States of America Mexico
Multicultural Acculturation Scale Wong-Rieger1987 MAT 1 1 1 0 general 1 United States of America Southeast Asia, Latinx
Multicultural Experience Survey Leung2010 CEL 0 1 0 0 students 1 United States of America United States of America
Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Inventory Rodriguez2002 CEL 1 1 1 0 general 0 United States of America Mexico
Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Scale Jibeen2010 CEL 1 1 1 0 general 0 Canada Pakistan
Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) Phinney1992 OWN 1 1 1 0 students 0 United States of America any
Multiphasic Assessment of Cultural Constructs Cuellar1995 MAT; WAL 1 1 1 0 students 0 United States of America Mexico
Na Mea Hawai’i Scale Rezentes1993 CEL; MAT; ZAN 0 1 1 0 general 1 United States of America Native
Native American Acculturation Scale Garrett2000 CEL; MAT 1 1 1 0 N/A N/A United States of America Native
Pan-Acculturation Scale (Soriano, 1999) Soriano1999 OWN 1 1 1 0 youth 0 United States of America Latinx
Perceived Discrimination (MIRIPS) Berry2010 CEL 1 1 1 0 general 1 multiple multiple
Psychological Acculturation Scale (Tropp et al., 1999) Tropp1999 CEL 1 0 1 0 general 0 United States of America Latinx
Satisfaction With Migration Life Scale Neto2016 OWN 1 0 1 1 general 0 United States of America any
Scale of Acculturation Rissel1997 CEL; MAT 0 1 1 0 general 0 Australia Arabic Speaking
Short Acculturation Scale Wallen2002 CEL; WAL 1 1 1 0 women 0 United States of America Central America
Short Acculturation Scale for Filipino Americans Cruz2000 MAT 0 1 1 1 experts 0 United States of America Philippines
Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanic Youth Barona1994 CEL; MAE; WAL 0 1 1 0 youth 1 United States of America Hispanic
Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (Marin, Sabogal, Marin, Otero-Sabogal, & Perez-Stable, 1987) Marin1987 CEL; MAE; MAT; WAL; ZAN 0 1 1 1 general 1 United States of America Hispanic
Sociocultural Adaptation Scale Ward1994 CEL 0 1 1 0 general 0 multiple New Zealand
Spheres of sociocultural adjustment Lissitsa2011 OWN 1 1 1 1 general 1 Israel Russia
Stephenson Multigroup Acculturation Scale Stephenson2000 CEL; MAT; ZAN 1 1 1 0 general 0 United States of America any
Strategies of Acculturation Scale Eshel2000 OWN 1 1 0 1 youth 0 Israel Russia
Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Accultururation Scale (SL-ASIA) Suinn1992 CEL; MAE; MAT; ZAN 1 1 1 0 students 0 United States of America Asia
Taiwan Aboriginal Acculturation Scale Cheng1995 MAT 1 1 1 1 general 0 Taiwan East Asia & Pacific
Traditional Behavior Scale ArambulaSolomon1999 MAT 0 1 0 0 general 0 United States of America Natives
Trinity Acculturation Scale (14 items) Curran2003 OWN 1 1 1 1 general 0 United Kingdom Ireland
Trinity Acculturation Scale (24 items) Curran2003 OWN 1 1 1 1 general 0 United Kingdom Ireland
Value Acculturation Scale Szapocznik1978 MAE; MAT; ZAN 0 0 1 0 general 1 United States of America Cuba
Vancouver Index of Acculturation (VIA; Ryder et al., 2000) Ryder2000 CEL; MAT 1 1 1 0 general 1 Canada China
Virgin Island Acculturation Scale (Tull, Ambrose, & Chambers, 2003) Tull2003 OWN 0 1 1 0 general 0 United States Virgin Islands African Cribbean
Cultural Beliefs and Behaviors Adaptation Profile (CBBAP) Bogumill1998 OWN 0 1 1 0 general 0 United States China, Europe
Cultual Adaptation Korean Elderly Jang2007 OWN 0 1 1 0 elderly 0 United States Korea
Motivation for Cultural Maintenance (MCM) Recker2017 OWN 1 1 1 1 general 0 New Zealand any
Motivation for Cultural Exploration (MCE) Recker2017 OWN 1 1 1 0 general 0 New Zealand any
Acculturation Scale for Vietnamese Adolescents (ASVA) Nguyen2002 OWN 1 1 1 1 students 0 United States Vietnam
CHIS Acculturation Score Johnson-Kozlow2010 OWN 0 1 1 0 general 0 United States Mexico
Abridged General Ethnicity Questionnaire—American version (GEQA) Tseng2015 OWN 1 1 1 0 women 0 United States China
Acculturation to American Core Culture Ruesch1948 OWN 1 1 1 1 general 1 United States any
modified Lowlands Acculturation Scale UnluInce2014 OWN 1 1 1 1 general 0 Netherlands Turkey
Ghanaian Acculturation Survey (GAS) Eshun2006 OWN 0 1 1 0 general 0 United States Ghana
Acculturative Dissonance (AD) Le2009 OWN 0 0 1 0 youth 0 United States Cambodia, China, Laos, Vietnam
Acculturation Attitudes (ICSEY) ICSEYteam2006 OWN 0 0 1 1 youth 0 multiple multiple
Cultural identity (ICSEY) ICSEYteam2006 OWN 1 0 1 0 youth 0 multiple multiple
Language Use (ICSEY) ICSEYteam2006 OWN 0 1 0 0 youth 0 multiple multiple
Language Proficiency (ICSEY) ICSEYteam2006 OWN 0 0 1 0 youth 0 multiple multiple
Acculturation behaviors - peer contacts & activities (ICSEY) ICSEYteam2006 OWN 0 1 0 0 youth 0 multiple multiple
Family relationship values (ICSEY) ICSEYteam2006 OWN 0 0 1 0 youth 0 multiple multiple
Perceived discrimination (ICSEY) ICSEYteam2006 OWN 1 0 1 0 youth 0 multiple multiple
Psychological adaptation - Psychological Problems (ICSEY) ICSEYteam2006 OWN 1 0 1 0 youth 0 multiple multiple
Psychological adaptation - Self Esteem (ICSEY) ICSEYteam2006 OWN 1 0 1 1 youth 0 multiple multiple
Psychological adaptation - Life Satisfaction (ICSEY) ICSEYteam2006 OWN 1 0 1 0 youth 0 multiple multiple
Sociocultural adaptation - School adjustment (ICSEY) ICSEYteam2006 OWN 1 1 1 1 youth 0 multiple multiple
Sociocultural adaptation - Behavior problems (ICSEY) ICSEYteam2006 OWN 0 1 0 0 youth 0 multiple multiple
Acculturation Strategies (Mancini, & Bottura, 2014) Mancini2014 OWN 0 1 0 0 youth 1 Spain any
Acculturation Attitudes (Mancini, & Bottura, 2014) Mancini2014 OWN 0 0 1 0 youth 1 Spain any
Acculturation Indicators (Needham, et al., 2017) Needham2017 OWN 0 1 0 1 general 0 United States South Asia
Proxy Acculturation Scale (PAS-3 and PAS-4) Cruz2008 OWN 0 1 0 0 general 0 United States LatinX
Civic engagment measure Uslaner2005 OWN 0 1 0 0 general 1 United States any
Measurement of Acculturation Strategies for People of African Descent (MASPAD) Obasi2010 OWN 1 1 1 0 general 0 United States African descent
Adapted Measurement of Acculturation Strategies for People of African Descent (MASPAD) - UK Onyigbuo2018 OWN 1 1 1 0 general 0 United Kingdom Nigeria
Ethnic/Cultural Identity Dimensions Scale (EID Scale) Ting-toomey2000 OWN 1 1 1 0 general 1 United States any
adapted Ethnic/Cultural Identity Dimensions Scale (EID Scale) Liu2006 OWN 1 0 1 1 general 0 Australia China
Immigrant Identity Questionnaire (IIQ) Orr2003 OWN 1 1 1 1 youth 0 United States Ethiopia, former USSR
Acculturation Attitudes Scale (Kim, 1988) Kim2010a OWN 1 1 1 1 general 0 Canada Korea
anticipated socio-cultural adaptation scale Yijala2012 OWN 0 1 1 0 general 0 Finnland Russia
global acculturation indexes Berry2011 OWN 0 0 1 1 youth 0 Canada, France any
interethnic contact Martinovic2009 OWN 0 1 0 0 general 0 Netherlands any
Mexican American Cultural Values Scale (MACVS) Knight2010 OWN 0 0 1 0 youth 1 United States Mexico
adapted Mexican American Cultural Values Scale (MACVS) Duarte2020 OWN 0 0 1 0 general 1 United States Mexico
Bicultural Youth Acculturation Questionnaire Kukaswadia2016 OWN 1 0 1 0 general 1 Canada any
Food Similarity Index (FSI) VanHook2015 OWN 0 1 0 0 general 1 United States any
Adjustments to U.S. National Culture Alkhazraji1997 OWN 0 1 1 0 Muslims 1 United States any
Acculturation Scale for Asian Indians (ASAI) Parekh2000 OWN 0 1 1 0 general 0 United States India
Brief Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans–II (ARSMA II- SF) Cuellar2004 OWN 0 1 1 0 elderly 0 United States Mexico
Bidimensional Acculturation Scale for Marriage-Based Immigrants (BASMBI) Chen2018 OWN 0 1 1 0 husband men 0 Taiwan any
Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics-Youth (SASH-Y) Barona1994 OWN 0 1 1 0 youth 1 United States LatinX
Assimilation to French Culture Badea2012 OWN 0 1 1 0 general 1 France France
Expatriate Acculturation Index Scale Lineberry2012 OWN 0 1 1 0 general 0 any United States
Level of Acculturation to Korean Life Asano2016 OWN 1 1 1 0 wife women 0 Korea China
Acculturation Attitude Scale (AAS-16) Schmitz2012 OWN 0 0 1 1 general 0 Germany Turkey, North Africa
Sociocultural Adjustment Scale - Revised (SCAS-R) Wilson2013 OWN 0 1 1 0 general 0 New Zealand any
Civic involvement, donation and observance of cultural practices scale Kim2013 OWN 0 1 1 0 general 0 Canada Korea
acculturation scale (Wang, 2007) Wang2007 OWN 0 1 1 0 general 1 United States China
Banal Integration Ekmanis2017 OWN 1 1 1 1 general 0 Latvia Russia
Israeli religio-ethnic acculturation Rebhun2014 OWN 0 1 0 0 general 0 any Israel
Acculturation Modes for Koreans (Lee, Sobal, and Frongillo, 2003) Lee2003 OWN 1 1 1 0 general 0 United States Korea
Physical Activity and Sport Acculturation Index (PASAI) Garrido2012 OWN 0 1 1 0 youth 0 Spain any
social integration index (Dalgard, & Thapa, 2007) Dalgard2007 OWN 0 1 1 0 general 0 Norway any
Social Connectedness in Mainstream Society (SCMN) Scale Yoon2012 OWN 1 0 0 0 students 0 United States Mexico, Asia
Social Connectedness in the Ethnic Community (SCETH) Scale Yoon2012 OWN 1 0 0 0 students 0 United States Mexico, Asia
adapted Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican-Americans-II (ARSMA-II) (Schaefer, et al., 2009) Schaefer2009 OWN 0 1 1 0 youth women 0 United States Mexico, Asia
Place Attachment Scale (Williams, & Vaske, 2003) Williams2003 OWN 1 1 1 0 students 1 United States United States
Adaptation Scale (Gao, & Gudykunst, 1990) Gao2000 OWN 1 0 1 0 students 0 United States any
Adapted Biculturalism Scale (Nagaraj, Vyas, McDonnell, DiPietro) Nagaraj2018 OWN 1 0 1 0 women 0 United States South Asia
Acculturation Orientation (Demes, & Geeraert, 2014) Demes2014 OWN 0 1 1 0 general, student 0 United Kingdom any
Psychological Adaptation (Demes, & Geeraert, 2014) Demes2014 OWN 1 0 0 0 general, student 0 United Kingdom any
sociocultural adaptation/perceived cultural distance (Demes, & Geeraert, 2014) Demes2014 OWN 0 1 1 0 general, student 0 United Kingdom any
Integration Well-being Scale (Amit, Litwin) Amit2010 OWN 1 1 1 0 elderly 0 Israel any
Acculturation in Australia Liu2007 OWN 1 0 1 0 general 1 Australia Asia
Ladakh Acculturation Scale – Tridimensional (LAS-T) Scale Ozer2016 OWN 1 1 1 1 general 1 India India
Acceptance of American Cultural Values Moon2007 OWN 1 1 1 0 general 0 United States Korea
Affinity for Korean Cultural Identity Moon2007 OWN 1 1 1 0 general 0 United States Korea
Migrant Integration Indexes (Lindstorm, 2019) Lindstrom2019 OWN 0 1 0 0 general 0 United States Mexico
Sociocultural Adaptation Scale (LSYPE) Bowe2019 OWN 1 1 1 1 youth 0 Britain any
Brief Sense of Community Scale (BSCS-8) Mendelson2010 OWN 1 1 1 1 general 1 United States LatinX
Indicators of acculturation domains (RAEM) Navas2005 OWN 0 1 1 0 N/A 1 N/A N/A
Revised Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity Pawar2014 OWN 1 0 1 0 students 1 United States African descent
political participation (Jeong, & Kim, 2016) Jeong2016 OWN 0 1 1 0 refugees 0 South Korea North Korea
cultural adaptation (Jeong, & Kim, 2016) Jeong2016 OWN 0 0 1 0 refugee women 0 South Korea North Korea
Dutch Psychological Acculturation Scale Stevens2004 OWN 1 1 1 0 general 0 Netherlands Marocco
Identification Scale (Renvik et al., 2018) Renvik2018 OWN 1 0 1 0 general 0 Finland former USSR
Perez Ambiguous Loss of Homeland Scale (PALH) Perez2019 OWN 1 0 1 1 general 0 United States LatinX
Measure of identification with groups Roccas2008 OWN 1 1 1 0 prospective jurors, student 1 United States any
General Acculturation Index (GAI) Balcazar1995 OWN 1 1 0 0 women 0 United States Mexico
Acculturation Intergenerational Conflict Scale (AIC) Lee2004b OWN 1 1 1 1 youth 0 United States Korea
Social self-efficacy Scale for Students Fan1998 OWN 1 1 1 0 students 1 Australia any
Iranian Acculturation Scale Shahim2007 OWN 0 1 1 1 general 0 Canada Iran
Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure–Revised Phinney2007 OWN 1 1 1 0 students 1 United States any
Expatriate Cross-Cultural Adjustment Scale Black1989 OWN 0 1 1 0 general 0 United States Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong
Soviet Acculturation Measure (SAM-II) Ben-Rafael2006 OWN 1 1 1 1 Jews 0 Israel, Germany, United States Russia
Attitudes towards minority culture maintenance and inter-ethnic contact scale Nigbur2008 OWN 0 0 1 0 youth 1 United Kingdom any
attitudes toward homosexuality (ESS) Fitzgerald2014 OWN 0 0 1 0 general 1 Europe any
Psychological-Behavioral Acculturation Survey Marino2000 OWN 0 1 1 0 general 1 Australia Vietnam
linguistic, psychological and behavioral indicators for acculturation Shin2017 OWN 0 1 1 0 general 0 United States Mexico
Frankfurt Acculturation Scale (FRAKK) Bongard2002 OWN 1 1 1 1 student men 1 Germany Turkey
minority and majority group contact (SIM) Maliepaard2012 OWN 0 1 0 0 general 0 Netherlands Marocco, Turkey
Asian Indian Dietary Acculturation Measure (AIDAM) Venkatesh2017 OWN 1 1 1 0 general 0 United States Asian Indian
Ethnocultural Identity Behavior Index Yamada1998 OWN 0 1 0 0 student 0 United States Asia, Hawaii
Self-Reported Life Satisfaction Paparusso2019 OWN 1 0 1 0 general 0 Europe any
Ethnic/Cultural Identity Salience Questionnaire Kouli2009 OWN 1 1 1 1 student 1 Greece any
Acculturation Index (NESARC) Kimber2015 OWN 0 1 1 1 general 1 United States any
Ethno-cultural Identity Conflict Scale Ward2011 OWN 1 0 1 0 general 1 New Zealand any
Culture-Transmission Motive Mchitarjan2015 OWN 1 0 1 1 general 0 any any
Cultural Identity and Biculturality Mchitarjan2015 OWN 1 1 1 0 general 0 any any
National Identity Fuller-Rowell2013 OWN 1 0 1 0 student 1 United States LatinX
Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF) Keyes2002 OWN 1 0 1 0 general 1 United States any
Acculturation preferences (Christ et al., 2013) Christ2013 OWN 1 0 1 0 general 1 Germany any
United States acculturation scale (USAS) Wright2013a OWN 1 1 1 0 clinical 1 United States any
Acculturation Strategies and Attitudes Questionnaire, immigrants’ version Luque2004 OWN 1 1 1 0 general 1 Spain any
Socio-Cultural Adaptation Scale (41-item) Ward1999a OWN 0 1 1 0 general, student 0 New Zealand, Singapore New Zealand, Singapore
Socio-Cultural Adaptation Scale (29-item) Ward1999a OWN 0 1 1 0 general, student 0 New Zealand, Singapore New Zealand, Singapore
a CEL = Celenk & Van de Vijver (2011), MAE = Maestas (2000), MAT = Matsudaira (2006), WAL = Wallace et al. (2010), ZAN = Zane & Mak (2004), OWN = own review (only additional)

Interest over time

Of the scale we included we also plotted the publication years of the scale validations in order to gain an understanding of the interest in scale development over time.

Sample

The study sample a scale is validated in can be fairly important if one plans to use a scale for a context-specific phenomenon such as a cultural adaptation of two specific cultures. We, therefore, coded the type of sample the original authors used in their validation studies (see Figure 1).

Figure 1: Bar graph of the study samples used in the original validation studies.

The category general refers to a sampling strategy in which any consenting adult could participate in the study.

Dimensions

One major focus of our coding efforts was put on identifying the phenomenological dimensions that were assessed by each individual scale. Based the ABCD framework of human experiences, we independently distinguished between emotional (affect), behavioral, cognitive, and need-based measurements of of acculturation. Examples of concepts that fell into the individual dimensions are shown in Table 3:

Table 3: Examples for Dimensions of Acculturation Measurements.
Dimension Concept Wording
Affect belonging, loneliness, satisfaction “I feel …,”
Behavior language learning, media consumption, voting “I do …,” “I speak …,” “I meet …”
Cognition cultural identification, cultural values, attitude towards majority “I prefer …,” “I think …,” “I identify as …”
Desire needs, goals, wants “I want …,” “I would like to …,” “I need …”

Note that this also means that we do not include scales that measure aspects of acculturation that do can be measured without consideration of the individual’s experiences, such as physical changes, cultural changes, or societal changes.

Figure 2 shows how often each of the dimensions was coded.

Figure 2: Bar graph of the counts for each of the dimensions.

We also plot how often each of the dimensions were measured together. A bar graph of the compound frequencies is shown Figure 3 and a network graph of frequencies and co-occurrences is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 3: Bar graph of the counts for each of the dimension combinations.

Figure 4: Network graph of the dimension frequencies and co-occurences. The nodes (i.e., circles) represent the concepts so that the size of the circle indicates the number of times concept was coded and the edges (i.e., connections) represent the co-occurences so that the width of the line indicates how often the concepts were measured in one scale.

Domains

Acculturation can happen in different life domains (e.g., Arends-Tóth & Vijver, 2007; Zane & Mak, 2004). We coded which life domains the scales referred to, either as part of subscale labels, factor labels, explicit commentary of the authors, or clear question wordings (see Figure 5).

Wordcloud of the validation scale domains.

Figure 5: Wordcloud of the validation scale domains.

Countries

We also coded the cultural context the scales were validated in. We coded both the migrants’ country of origin as well as the country of the receivong society in which the study was conducted (see Figure 6).

Figure 6: Bar graph of study counts for the individual host countries and countries of origin.

Empirical: General

After analysis of the scales validations, we assessed the empirical papers we collected for the systematic review.

Exclusions

The search produced a total of 1629 results. We subsequently screened out results that did not fit into our review. We excluded 683 results in the title screening (for exclusion reasons see Table 4) as well as an additional 272 results during the abstract screening (for exclusion reasons see Table 5).
Table 4: Reasons for Exclusion Title Screening
Exclusion Reason Frequency
not acculturation 224
not migrant 65
not migration 62
not experience 19
not ABCD 10
not English 1
not integration 1
Table 5: Reasons for Exclusion Abstract Screening
Exclusion Reason Frequency
not acculturation 82
not experience 42
not migrant 41
not migration 41
stress 34
not measured 32
re-migration 1

Of the remaining 674 results, 559 papers presented empirical work on acculturation and were coded. The 7 non-empirical results were reviews, which were not coded because they did not fit into our coding schema. During the full text coding we excluded an additional 33 results were dropped because they were either not relevant or were not accessible (for exclusion reasons see Table 6).
All included works are listed in the Online Coding Database.

Table 6: Excluded during Coding
Exclusion Reason Frequency
thesis not accessible 14
items not accessible 9
book not accessible 4
not measured 3
article not accessible 2
should still be coded 1

Figure 7: PRISMA diagram.

Publication Type

A majority of the results were journal articles but we also reviewed a number of theses and book chapters (see Table 7).

Table 7: Type of Publication
Publication Type Frequency
journalArticle 452
thesis 68
bookSection 6

A majority of the empirical papers were quantitative assessments of acculturation (for an overview of the data collection types see Table 8).

Table 8: Type of Data Collection
Data Type Frequency
quantitative 464
mixed method 39
qualitative 20
Review 3

Terms used

The field of acculturation has been using a variety of terms to describe the process of cultural adaptation. We list the terms the authors used in their paper to refer to cultural adaptation in Table 9.

Table 9: Terms used
Term Frequency
acculturation 388
integration 21
assimilation 18
social integration 11
acculturation attitudes 9
adaptation 8
adjustment 8
aculturative stress 6
sociocultural adjustment 6
psychological adjustment 5
acculturation strategies 4
ethnic identity 4
acculturation orientation 3
acculturation preferences 3
emotional acculturation 3
acculturation patterns 2
americanization 2
cultural adaptation 2
acculturation and enculturation 1
acculturative adjustment 1
acculturative orientation 1
attachment to the nation 1
cross-cultural adaptation 1
cross-cultural adjustment 1
cultural identification 1
cultural identity change 1
cultural orientation 1
cultural transition 1
cultural transmission 1
culturing 1
economic integration 1
immigation success 1
immigration transition 1
intercultural adjustment 1
linguistic acculturation 1
mental health 1
migration 1
national identity 1
psychological and sociocultural adjustment 1
psychological flourishing 1
sociocultural adaptation 1

Measure used

We list the measures used by the authors in Table 10. Note that a majority of the measurements are not previously standardized and are not shared across articles.

Table 10: Measures used
Term Frequency
vancouver index of acculturation (via; ryder et al., 2000) 17
language use [own] 16
language, identity, and behavioral acculturation scale 14
stephenson multigroup acculturation scale 11
acculturation orientation/acculturation strategy 10
acculturation rating scale for mexican-americans - revised (arsma-ii) 10
short acculturation scale for hispanics (marin, sabogal, marin, otero-sabogal, & perez-stable, 1987) 10
vancouver index of acculturation 10
abbreviated multidimensional acculturation scale 7
brief acculturation rating scale for mexican americans–ii (arsma ii- sf) 7
suinn-lew asian self identity acculturation scale 7
acculturation rating scale for mexican americans-ii 6
iranian acculturation scale 6
suinn-lew asian self-identity accultururation scale (sl-asia) 6
acculturation attitudes scale 5
asian american multidimensional acculturation scale (aamas; chung, kim, & abreu, 2004) 5
bicultural involvement questionnaire 5
proxy acculturation scale (pas-3 and pas-4) 5
relative acculturation extended model scale (real and ideal acculturation strategies and attitudes [raem]) 5
short acculturation scale for hispanics 5
acculturation attitudes (arends-tóth & van de vijver, 2007) 4
bidimensional acculturation scale for hispanics 4
immigrant acculturation scale 4
language proficiency 4
behavioral acculturation scale 3
cultural lifestyle inventory 3
east asian acculturation measure 3
emotional acculturation 3
identification [own] 3
language proficiency [own] 3
language proficiency [own], language use [own] 3
lowlands acculturation scale 3
mutual intercultural relations in plural societies - acculturation attitudes scale 3
psychological acculturation scale (tropp et al., 1999) 3
abbreviated multidimensional acculturation scale (amas) 2
acculturation attitude scale (sam, 1995) 2
acculturation attitudes (icsey) 2
acculturation attitudes (icsey) [assimilation subscale] 2
acculturation index 2
acculturation index (ai; ward & kennedy, 1994) 2
acculturation preferences 2
acculturation strategies (mancini, & bottura, 2014); acculturation attitudes (mancini, & bottura, 2014) 2
acculturation strategies scale (modified; kosic, 1998) 2
acculturation, habits and interests multicultural scale for adolescents (ahimsa) 2
adapted bidimensional acculturation scale for hispanics 2
adopted language, identity, and behavioral acculturation scale 2
american and puerto rican cultural involvement scales 2
assimilation scale 2
bidimensional acculturation scale 2
chis acculturation score 2
cultual adaptation korean elderly 2
general acculturation attitudes 2
identity style inventory cultural transition 2
identity subscale from language, identity, and behavioral acculturation scale 2
language proficiency [own]; language use [own] 2
marital assimilation [own] 2
multidimensional acculturative stress scale 2
multigroup ethnic identity measure 2
multigroup ethnic identity measure revised 2
proxy acculturation scale (pas-3) 2
relative acculturation extended model scale (real and ideal acculturation strategies and attitudes) 2
social readjustment rating scale 2
socio-cultural adaptation scale 2
speaking english at home [own] 2
structured interview 2
2 measures - attitudes (intrinsic) & extrinsic cultural traits 1
abbreviated acculturation modes for koreans (lee, sobal, and frongillo, 2003) 1
abbreviated multidimensional acculturation scale (amas); multigroup ethnic identity measure (meim) 1
abbreviated multidimensional acculturation scale (amas); social connectedness in mainstream society (scmn) scale; and social connectedness in the ethnic community (sceth) scale 1
abridged general ethnicity questionnaire—american and chinese version 1
abridged general ethnicity questionnaire—american version (geqa) 1
acceptance of american cultural values; affinity for korean cultural identity 1
accultuation orientation (arends-tóth & van de vijver, 2004) 1
acculturation attitude scale (aas-16); sociocultural adjustment scale - revised (scas-r) 1
acculturation attitude scale (berry, 1989) 1
acculturation attitude scale (kim, 1988) 1
acculturation attitudes 1
acculturation experiences 1
acculturation in australia 1
acculturation index (ai; ward & kennedy, 1994); identification 1
acculturation index (nesarc) 1
acculturation indicators (needham, et al., 2017) 1
acculturation intergenerational conflict scale (aic) 1
acculturation orientation (based on horenczyk, 1996, 2000) 1
acculturation orientation (demes, & geeraert, 2014) 1
acculturation preference [unclear], intergroup contact [unclear] 1
acculturation preferences (christ et al., 2013) 1
acculturation preferences [own] 1
acculturation rating scale for arab-american-ii 1
acculturation rating scale for mexican americans-ii (language sub-scale) 1
acculturation rating scale for mexican-americans - revised (arsma-ii); mexican american cultural values scale (macvs) 1
acculturation scale (acc) 1
acculturation scale (cheung, 1995) 1
acculturation scale (wang, 2007) 1
acculturation scale for asian indians (asai) 1
acculturation scale for southeast asians 1
acculturation scale for vietnamese adolescents (asva) 1
acculturation scale for vietnamese adolescents (asva); multigroup ethnic identity measure 1
acculturation t o american core culture 1
acculturative dissonance (ad) 1
acculturative stress, subjective well-being, flourishing 1
adapted acculturation rating scale for mexican-americans-ii (arsma-ii) (schaefer, et al., 2009) 1
adapted acculturation scale for vietnamese adolescents (asva) 1
adapted biculturalism scale (nagaraj, vyas, mcdonnell, dipietro) 1
adapted cultual adaptation korean elderly 1
adapted ethnic/cultural identity dimensions scale (eid scale) 1
adapted general ethnicity questionnaire 1
adapted hazuda scale 1
adapted measurement of acculturation strategies for people of african descent (maspad) - uk 1
adapted mexican american cultural values scale (macvs) 1
adapted short acculturation scale for hispanics (marin, sabogal, marin, otero-sabogal, & perez-stable, 1987) 1
adapted soviet acculturation measure (sam-ii) 1
adapted suinn-lew asian self-identity accultururation scale (sl-asia) 1
adjustment experience [own] 1
adjustments to u.s. national culture 1
adult acculturation and resiliency scale 1
affective adjustment 1
african american acculturation scale revised (klonoff & landrine, 2000) 1
anticipated socio-cultural adaptation scale 1
asian indian dietary acculturation measure (aidam) 1
assimilation attitude [own] 1
assimilation to french culture 1
attitudes toward homosexuality (ess) 1
attitudes towards majority culture, identification 1
attitudes towards minority culture maintenance and inter-ethnic contact scale 1
background information, heritage culture maintenance, mobility strategies and personal ability, perceived justice, self-perceptions, community contacts 1
banal integration [own] 1
behavior subscale from language, identity, and behavioral acculturation scale 1
behavioral and psychological acculturation 1
belonging, cultural memory (identity and difference cultural), empathy and reciprocity, perfection of speech, adaption 1
bicultural identification 1
bicultural involvement and adjustment scale 1
bicultural involvement questionnaire; acculturation rating scale for mexican-americans - revised (arsma-ii) 1
bicultural stress scale 1
bicultural youth acculturation questionnaire 1
bidimensional acculturation scale for marriage-based immigrants (basmbi) 1
bidimensional model of acculturation for korean american older adults 1
brief acculturation rating scale for mexican americans 1
brief sense of community scale (bscs-8); indicators of acculturation domains (raem) 1
civic involvement, donation and observance of cultural practices scale 1
coging strategies, contacts, friendship, belonging 1
contentment and gratitude, a strong family concept, the concept of `face’, an urge for knowledge, a sense of crisis, faith in life, and the identity of a marginal man [own} 1
cultural adaptation (jeong, & kim, 2016) 1
cultural adherence 1
cultural familiarity [own] 1
cultural identification 1
cultural identification [own], adapted vancouver index of acculturation (via; ryder et al., 2000) 1
cultural identity, feeling at home, well-being, perception of host society’s attitudes and policies toward them 1
cultural life styles inventory 1
cultural maintenance and adoptation 1
cultural orientation, interaction 1
cultural practice, and social networks 1
culture-transmission motive; cultural identity and biculturality 1
degree of difficulty in dealing with practical, social, and interpersonal communication problems 1
demands of immigration scale 1
dietary acculturation [own] 1
dutch psychological acculturation scale, language use [own] 1
economic integration, selective cultural assimilation 1
economic success, psychological well-being (sense of belonging, life satisfaction) 1
educational achievement [own], job prestige [own], income [own], generation [own] 1
emotional fit with the typical majority patterns of emotion [own] 1
emotional patterns questionnaire 1
employed [own] 1
employment status [own], diverse friends network outside ethnic community [own], association membership [own], ability to overcome difficulties [own], desire to remain [own] 1
ethnic identification, language proficiency 1
ethnic identity [own] 1
ethnic identity questionnaire 1
ethnic label [own] 1
ethnic/cultural identity salience questionnaire 1
ethno-cultural identity conflict scale 1
ethnocultural identity behavior index 1
european-american values scale for asian-americans - revised & asian-american values scale - revised 1
expatriate acculturation index scale 1
expatriate cross-cultural adjustment scale 1
food similarity index (fsi) 1
food similarity index (fsi), mexican food [own] 1
frankfurt acculturation scale 1
frankfurt acculturation scale (frakk) 1
general acculturation index (gai) 1
geriatric depression scale - 30 1
ghanaian acculturation survey (gas) 1
global acculturation index 1
hazuda scale [language use only] 1
host communication competence, host interpersonal communication, psychological health, functional fitness 1
host community acculturation scale & immigrant acculturation scale 1
identification; identity; behavior; islamic beliefs; social network; cultural norms; language use, choice, and preference; attiudes towards turkish language 1
identitiy [own] 1
immigrant identity questionnaire (iiq) 1
immigration policy lab (ipl) integration index 1
indonesian acculturation rating scales (iars, modified from arsma-ii) 1
integration effort 1
integration well-being scale (amit, litwin) 1
intention to return home, agreement with native values & political identification 1
interactions [own] 1
intercultural adjustment potential scale (icaps) 1
intercultural strategies (assimilation, integration) 1
interethnic contact 1
interview language 1
inventory of student adjustment, sociocultural adjustment scale, australian cultural knowledge (ack) questionnaire, cultural identiy subscale of collective self-esteem scale 1
israeli religio-ethnic acculturation 1
italian-canadian acculturation scale (kim, laroche, & tomiuk, 2001) 1
japanese american acculturation scale 1
korean acculturation scale 1
korean version of the acculturation rating scale for mexican americans-ii 1
language 1
language ability [own] 1
language acquisition, dual national identity, realised expectations 1
language barriers, and getting used to life in australia 1
language difficulties, social support, economic situation, prejudice 1
language fluency [own]; u.s. education [own] 1
language fluency, prior employment 1
language proficiency (icsey); cultural identity (icsey); acculturation behaviors - peer contacts & activities (icsey) 1
language proficiency [own], ethnic identification 1
language proficiency [own], identification [own], acculturation desire [own], marriage values [own], children ideals [own] 1
language proficiency [own], time of residence [own], media consumption [own], national visitors [own] 1
language proficiency and length of residence 1
language proficiency, and cultural identity 1
language proficiency, language use, preferred language, food preferences, ethnicity of social contacts 1
language proficiency, languages use, preferred languages for media, food preference, ethnicity of close friends 1
language proficiency, length of residency, utilization of societal resources etc. 1
language proficiency, personal preference, social affiliation, lifestyle, and attachment to values and traditions 1
language proficiency, social support, cultural distance, contact 1
language skills [own], work status [own], ethnic identity [own] 1
language use 1
language use [own], community event participation [own] 1
language use [own], language preference media consumption [own] 1
language use, language proficiency 1
language use, length of stay, friendship composition, generation, percentage of native-born persons in the respondent’s neighborhood, and percentage of non-coethnics in the respondent’s neighborhood [own] 1
language use, media behavior, social customs, social contacts, cultural identity, generational status 1
language, number of years in new country, identity 1
lanuage preference [own] 1
learn the values, behaviors, life styles, and language of the host culture 1
learning language, navigation, regulations 1
leisure participation 1
level of acculturation to korean life 1
life satisfaction index a 1
locus of control, giving and receiving, individualism-collectivism, 1
mace’s (2004) acculturation index 1
male arab acculturation scale 1
measure of identification with groups 1
mental health continuum short form (mhc-sf) 1
migrant integration indexes (lindstorm, 2019) 1
minority and majority group contact (sim) 1
modified acculturation strategies and attitudes questionnaire, immigrants’ version 1
modified lowlands acculturation scale 1
modified suinn-lew asian self-identity acculturation scale 1
modified suinn-lew asian self-identity accultururation scale (sl-asia) 1
motivation for cultural maintenance (mcm); motivation for cultural exploration (mce) 1
multicultural acculturation questionnaire 1
multicultural ideology scale 1
multidimensional acculturation 1
multidimensional acculturative stress inventory 1
multidimensional measure of cultural identity scales for latinos and latinas 1
multidimensional measure of cultural identity scales for latinos and latinas [language preference, language proficiency]; ethnic identity [own] 1
multigroup ethnic identity measure–revised 1
multigroup ethnic identity measure; acculturation attitudes (arends-tóth & van de vijver, 2007) 1
mutual intercultural relations in plural societies - acculturation attitudes scale; sociocultural adaptation scale 1
national identification [own] 1
national identity 1
number of initial pleasant experiences, percentage of initial experiences which were unpleasant, number of’ problems encountered upon arrival, satisfaction with friends, satisfaction with job, satisfaction with school, satisfaction with recreation, task competence, interpersonal comfort, recent symptoms, chronic symptoms, cultural competence (english vocabulary, number series, knowledge of australian slang, knowledge of australian culture - geography, history, politics, and celebrities) 1
palmer et al.’s 2007 acculturation scale 1
pan-acculturation scale (soriano, 1999) 1
participation and identification 1
perez ambiguous loss of homeland scale (palh) 1
perfectionism, coping, problem solving, acculturation stress, self-esteem, distress, language proficiency, social support 1
phenomenon that occurs in multilingual and multicultural contexts over a period of time, causing alterations in the cultures involved in the process or creating a new “third” culture 1
physical activity and sport acculturation index (pasai) 1
place attachment scale (williams, & vaske, 2003); sociocultural adaptation scale 1
pooyan behavioral scale 1
primary language [own], cultural fluency [own], cultural orientation [own] 1
proportion of native friends, feelings of inclusion, satisfaction with employment, accommodation, and life 1
psychological acculturation scale 1
psychological acculturation scale, massachusetts hispanic elderly study acculturation scale 1
psychological acculturation scale; language use [own] 1
psychological adaptation, socio-cultural adjustment scale, economic adaptation 1
psychological well-being questionnaire, emotional state questionnaire, satisfaction level questionnaire, 90-symptom checklist 1
reactions to assimilation expectations 1
revised haitian acculturation scale 1
satisfaction with migration life scale 1
self-esteem, life satisfaction, subjective happiness, depression (reversed), anxiety (reversed), loneliness (reversed) 1
self-reported life satisfaction 1
sense of belinging [own], language use [own], social network [own] 1
short acculturation scale (marin, sabogal, marin, otero-sabogal, & perez-stable, 1987) 1
short acculturation scale for filipino americans 1
short acculturation scale for hispanics-youth (sash-y) 1
social adaptation structured interview, social adjustment questionnaire 1
social contacts [own] 1
social integration 1
social integration in the community scale (from pcsq) 1
social integration index (dalgard, & thapa, 2007) 1
social markers of acculturation 1
social participation [language use - own]; vancouver index of acculturation (via; ryder et al., 2000) 1
social support list - interactions scale 1
social, attitudinal, familial, and environmental (safe) acculturative stress scale 1
socio-cultural adaptation scale (29-item) 1
socio-cultural well-being [own]; reading behavior [own] 1
sociocultural adaptation - school adjustment (icsey); psychological adaptation - life satisfaction (icsey); psychological adaptation - self esteem (icsey); psychological adaptation - psychological problems (icsey); sociocultural adaptation - behavior problems (icsey) 1
sociocultural adaptation scale (lsype) 1
sociocultural adaptation scale; adaptation scale (gao, & gudykunst, 1990) 1
sociocultural difficulties (unclear origin) 1
spheres of sociocultural adjustment 1
strategies of acculturation scale 1
survey language [own] 1
symptom checklist-90-revised scale, satisfaction with live scale, riverside acculturation stress inventory, bicultural identity integration scale 1
teacher’s report of academic average, fluency and achievement in local language, participation and achievment in sports and recreation, interaction with peers, popularity among peers, class participation 1
the saudi - canada adaptation questionnaire (scao) 1
time in country, maintanance hertiage culture, adaptation host culture, social support migrant community, social support host community 1
time in country, value host culture, value heritage culture 1
trinity acculturation scale 1
trust [own], civic engagment measure 1
van manen’s approach to phenomenology 1
vancouver index of acculturation - arab version 1
vancouver index of acculturation (via; ryder et al., 2000); self-esteem, subjective well-being; life satisfaction 1
virgin island acculturation scale (tull, ambrose, & chambers, 2003) 1
working hours [own] 1

To Do!
It seems as if there are still some inconsistencies and spelling problems in the terms and measures.

Interest over time

As with the validation scales we used the publication year of the articles, theses, book chapters to visualize empirical interest in the topic of acculturation over time. We offer a global, developmental overview of the field in Figure 8.

Figure 8: Histogram of the publication year for all included results.

We additionally assessed empirical developments in terms of publication type (see Figure 9) and data collection type (see Figure 10).

Figure 9: Density plot of the yearly publication frequency for by type of publication.

Figure 10: Density plot of the yearly publication frequency for by data collection method.

Other descriptors

## Frequencies  
## dt.psych.included$MeasurementLevels  
## Type: Character  
## 
##                                  Freq   % Valid   % Valid Cum.   % Total   % Total Cum.
## ------------------------------ ------ --------- -------------- --------- --------------
##       continuous (incl. scale)    445     84.92          84.92     84.60          84.60
##                    categorical     63     12.02          96.95     11.98          96.58
##                            N/A     14      2.67          99.62      2.66          99.24
##                        various      2      0.38         100.00      0.38          99.62
##                           <NA>      2                               0.38         100.00
##                          Total    526    100.00         100.00    100.00         100.00
## Frequencies  
## dt.psych.included$IncludesMajority  
## Type: Numeric  
## 
##               Freq   % Valid   % Valid Cum.   % Total   % Total Cum.
## ----------- ------ --------- -------------- --------- --------------
##           0    447     85.31          85.31     84.98          84.98
##           1     77     14.69         100.00     14.64          99.62
##        <NA>      2                               0.38         100.00
##       Total    526    100.00         100.00    100.00         100.00
## Frequencies  
## dt.psych.included$VariableType  
## Type: Character  
## 
##                               Freq   % Valid   % Valid Cum.   % Total   % Total Cum.
## --------------------------- ------ --------- -------------- --------- --------------
##                   Predictor    285     54.39          54.39     54.18          54.18
##                   Dependent    148     28.24          82.63     28.14          82.32
##                 Correlation     37      7.06          89.69      7.03          89.35
##       Predictor & Dependent     25      4.77          94.47      4.75          94.11
##                    Mediator     14      2.67          97.14      2.66          96.77
##                   Moderator      6      1.15          98.28      1.14          97.91
##                         N/A      5      0.95          99.24      0.95          98.86
##         selection criterion      2      0.38          99.62      0.38          99.24
##                     Control      1      0.19          99.81      0.19          99.43
##       validation; Predictor      1      0.19         100.00      0.19          99.62
##                        <NA>      2                               0.38         100.00
##                       Total    526    100.00         100.00    100.00         100.00
## Frequencies  
## dt.psych.included$Sample  
## Type: Character  
## 
##                                  Freq   % Valid   % Valid Cum.   % Total   % Total Cum.
## ------------------------------ ------ --------- -------------- --------- --------------
##                        general    283     54.01          54.01     53.80          53.80
##                          youth     67     12.79          66.79     12.74          66.54
##                          women     34      6.49          73.28      6.46          73.00
##                        elderly     23      4.39          77.67      4.37          77.38
##                        refugee     23      4.39          82.06      4.37          81.75
##                       students     18      3.44          85.50      3.42          85.17
##                       clinical      7      1.34          86.83      1.33          86.50
##                  refugee women      5      0.95          87.79      0.95          87.45
##                            any      3      0.57          88.36      0.57          88.02
##                            men      3      0.57          88.93      0.57          88.59
##                            N/A      3      0.57          89.50      0.57          89.16
##                  refugee youth      3      0.57          90.08      0.57          89.73
##                    youth women      3      0.57          90.65      0.57          90.30
##                  elderly women      2      0.38          91.03      0.38          90.68
##                         Jewish      2      0.38          91.41      0.38          91.06
##                marital partner      2      0.38          91.79      0.38          91.44
##                        mothers      2      0.38          92.18      0.38          91.83
##                         muslim      2      0.38          92.56      0.38          92.21
##                         nurses      2      0.38          92.94      0.38          92.59
##                     old adults      2      0.38          93.32      0.38          92.97
##                 pregnant women      2      0.38          93.70      0.38          93.35
##               refugee students      2      0.38          94.08      0.38          93.73
##             several age groups      2      0.38          94.47      0.38          94.11
##           undocumented migrant      2      0.38          94.85      0.38          94.49
##                       athletes      1      0.19          95.04      0.19          94.68
##                 athletes youth      1      0.19          95.23      0.19          94.87
##                       children      1      0.19          95.42      0.19          95.06
##                   day laborers      1      0.19          95.61      0.19          95.25
##                     drug users      1      0.19          95.80      0.19          95.44
##                    expatriates      1      0.19          95.99      0.19          95.63
##       foreign domestic workers      1      0.19          96.18      0.19          95.82
##                   humanitarian      1      0.19          96.37      0.19          96.01
##                    husband men      1      0.19          96.56      0.19          96.20
##                 Jewish refugee      1      0.19          96.76      0.19          96.39
##                       military      1      0.19          96.95      0.19          96.58
##                    non-married      1      0.19          97.14      0.19          96.77
##                         parent      1      0.19          97.33      0.19          96.96
##                    refugee men      1      0.19          97.52      0.19          97.15
##                      religious      1      0.19          97.71      0.19          97.34
##                       siblings      1      0.19          97.90      0.19          97.53
##                     sikh women      1      0.19          98.09      0.19          97.72
##               skilled migrants      1      0.19          98.28      0.19          97.91
##                        smokers      1      0.19          98.47      0.19          98.10
##                      sojourner      1      0.19          98.66      0.19          98.29
##                       soldiers      1      0.19          98.85      0.19          98.48
##                        spouses      1      0.19          99.05      0.19          98.67
##                  student women      1      0.19          99.24      0.19          98.86
##                     wife women      1      0.19          99.43      0.19          99.05
##                 women clinical      1      0.19          99.62      0.19          99.24
##                         worker      1      0.19          99.81      0.19          99.43
##             Yucatec Maya youth      1      0.19         100.00      0.19          99.62
##                           <NA>      2                               0.38         100.00
##                          Total    526    100.00         100.00    100.00         100.00
## Frequencies  
## dt.psych.included$domainScale  
## Type: Character  
## 
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Freq   % Valid   % Valid Cum.   % Total   % Total Cum.
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ --------- -------------- --------- --------------
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           N/A    294     56.65          56.65     55.89          55.89
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       general    115     22.16          78.81     21.86          77.76
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            language, interaction, media, food      7      1.35          80.15      1.33          79.09
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 stress (neg.)      7      1.35          81.50      1.33          80.42
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  language use      6      1.16          82.66      1.14          81.56
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  language use, social contact      6      1.16          83.82      1.14          82.70
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           cultural traditions, language, marriage, social activities, friends      4      0.77          84.59      0.76          83.46
##       Private domain (celebrations, eating food, child-rearing practices, cultural habits, cultural way oflife, self-reported cultural identity, and attributed cultural identity as seen by the respondent). Public domain (social contacts, friends at school, speaking the language, reading the language, education and courses, teachers, news and information, and reading newspapers).      4      0.77          85.36      0.76          84.22
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            work, economic, social relations, family relations, religion, and ways of thinking      4      0.77          86.13      0.76          84.98
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      identity      3      0.58          86.71      0.57          85.55
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              cognitive information processing      2      0.39          87.09      0.38          85.93
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    depression      2      0.39          87.48      0.38          86.31
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                identification      2      0.39          87.86      0.38          86.69
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             language, media consumption, food consumption, social relations, sense of belonging, and familiarity with culture      2      0.39          88.25      0.38          87.07
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  life changes      2      0.39          88.63      0.38          87.45
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                personal and social adjustment      2      0.39          89.02      0.38          87.83
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       psychological, socio-cultural, economic      2      0.39          89.40      0.38          88.21
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        values      2      0.39          89.79      0.38          88.59
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             ?      1      0.19          89.98      0.19          88.78
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    adaptation      1      0.19          90.17      0.19          88.97
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      attachment to the nation      1      0.19          90.37      0.19          89.16
##                clothing, pace of life, general knowledge, food, religious beliefs, material comfort, recreational activities, self-identity, family life, accommodation/residence, values, friendships, communication styles, cultural activities, language, employment activities, perceptions of co-nationals, perceptions of host nationals, political ideology, worldview, social customs      1      0.19          90.56      0.19          89.35
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             contact, upbringing, language, culture, education      1      0.19          90.75      0.19          89.54
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                cross-cultural contact and culture maintenance      1      0.19          90.94      0.19          89.73
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              cultural identiy, language, cultural knowledge, food consumption      1      0.19          91.14      0.19          89.92
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        cultural practice, and social networks      1      0.19          91.33      0.19          90.11
##                                                                                               Current socio-economic status, host culture, host identification, Affinity to hertitage culture, Housing, Social relations, Children’s schooling, Psychological integration, Basic language proficiency, Political integration, Preservation of socio-economic status, Adopting host life style      1      0.19          91.52      0.19          90.30
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              degree of difficulty in dealing with practical, social, and interpersonal communication problems      1      0.19          91.71      0.19          90.49
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               education, work      1      0.19          91.91      0.19          90.68
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       emotional acculturation      1      0.19          92.10      0.19          90.87
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           emotional belonging      1      0.19          92.29      0.19          91.06
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Emotional regulation, Openness, Flexibility, Creativity      1      0.19          92.49      0.19          91.25
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       extrinsic and intrinsic cultural traits      1      0.19          92.68      0.19          91.44
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 family values      1      0.19          92.87      0.19          91.63
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                foods, music, customs, language, close friends      1      0.19          93.06      0.19          91.83
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       friendship, children, cultural activity, media consumption, living in the neighbourhood      1      0.19          93.26      0.19          92.02
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   government responsibility; holiday celebrations; economic principles; child rearing practices; social customs; and sporting      1      0.19          93.45      0.19          92.21
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 growth (pos.)      1      0.19          93.64      0.19          92.40
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           in-school behaviour      1      0.19          93.83      0.19          92.59
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        integration strategies      1      0.19          94.03      0.19          92.78
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    intention to return home, values, politics      1      0.19          94.22      0.19          92.97
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            langauge, number of years in new country, identity      1      0.19          94.41      0.19          93.16
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       language choice, identity, friendship choice, acculturative behaviours, generation/geographic background, and attitudes      1      0.19          94.61      0.19          93.35
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          language difficulties, social support, economic situation, prejudice      1      0.19          94.80      0.19          93.54
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             language skills, work, intercultural relations, discrimination, cultural/ethnic makeup of the community, identity, and well being      1      0.19          94.99      0.19          93.73
##                                                                                                                                                     language use / preference, social affiliation, daily living habits, cultural traditions, communication style, cultural identity / pride, perceived prejudice / discrimination, generational status, family socialization, cultural values      1      0.19          95.18      0.19          93.92
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  language use, customs, cultural value, perceived discrimination, sociability      1      0.19          95.38      0.19          94.11
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     language use, extrafamilial language use, social affiliation, cultural familiarity, and cultural identification and pride      1      0.19          95.57      0.19          94.30
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            language use, mass media exposure, social interactions, identification, attachment      1      0.19          95.76      0.19          94.49
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Language use, values and beliefs, social environment, ethnic identity, cultural traditions and practices      1      0.19          95.95      0.19          94.68
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                language, affiliation, general      1      0.19          96.15      0.19          94.87
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        language, behaviors, social relations, sense of belonging, familiarity      1      0.19          96.34      0.19          95.06
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          language, contact, social support, cultural distance      1      0.19          96.53      0.19          95.25
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          language, employment      1      0.19          96.72      0.19          95.44
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              language, food, friends, customs      1      0.19          96.92      0.19          95.63
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 language, friendship, culture      1      0.19          97.11      0.19          95.82
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   language, holidays, friends      1      0.19          97.30      0.19          96.01
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         language, religion, alienation and belonging, traditions, customs, media, clothing, living conditions      1      0.19          97.50      0.19          96.20
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            language, social interaction, food      1      0.19          97.69      0.19          96.39
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                languages, food, close friends      1      0.19          97.88      0.19          96.58
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       leisure      1      0.19          98.07      0.19          96.77
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             life satisfaction      1      0.19          98.27      0.19          96.96
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            loss, novelty, adaptation to work, adaptation to language, discrimination, and not feeling at home      1      0.19          98.46      0.19          97.15
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    practical, social and interpersonal communication problems      1      0.19          98.65      0.19          97.34
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    psychological and sociocultural adjustment      1      0.19          98.84      0.19          97.53
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      psychological, economic, political, social, linguistic, and navigational      1      0.19          99.04      0.19          97.72
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Social, residential, personal      1      0.19          99.23      0.19          97.91
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      sociocultural adaptation      1      0.19          99.42      0.19          98.10
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       success      1      0.19          99.61      0.19          98.29
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     tradition      1      0.19          99.81      0.19          98.48
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             vocational stress      1      0.19         100.00      0.19          98.67
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          <NA>      7                               1.33         100.00
##                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Total    526    100.00         100.00    100.00         100.00
## Frequencies  
## dt.psych.included$domainPaper  
## Type: Character  
## 
##                                                                                                               Freq   % Valid   % Valid Cum.   % Total   % Total Cum.
## ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ --------- -------------- --------- --------------
##                                                                                               acculturation     85     16.38          16.38     16.16          16.16
##                                                                                        mental health (neg.)     50      9.63          26.01      9.51          25.67
##                                                                                             health behavior     23      4.43          30.44      4.37          30.04
##                                                                                                  well-being     23      4.43          34.87      4.37          34.41
##                                                                                                  adaptation     21      4.05          38.92      3.99          38.40
##                                                                                                  depression     21      4.05          42.97      3.99          42.40
##                                                                                                      health     19      3.66          46.63      3.61          46.01
##                                                                                                  adjustment     16      3.08          49.71      3.04          49.05
##                                                                                               stress (neg.)     14      2.70          52.41      2.66          51.71
##                                                                                                    distress     12      2.31          54.72      2.28          53.99
##                                                                                     intercultural relations      9      1.73          56.45      1.71          55.70
##                                                                                             physical health      9      1.73          58.19      1.71          57.41
##                                                                                  physical and mental health      7      1.35          59.54      1.33          58.75
##                                                                                             eating behavior      6      1.16          60.69      1.14          59.89
##                                                                                                 integration      6      1.16          61.85      1.14          61.03
##                                                                                           cultural identity      4      0.77          62.62      0.76          61.79
##                                                                                   intimate partner violence      4      0.77          63.39      0.76          62.55
##                                                                                         marital functioning      4      0.77          64.16      0.76          63.31
##                                                                                           physical activity      4      0.77          64.93      0.76          64.07
##                                                                                    psychological adjustment      4      0.77          65.70      0.76          64.83
##                                                                                                     smoking      4      0.77          66.47      0.76          65.59
##                                                                                                  employment      3      0.58          67.05      0.57          66.16
##                                                                                             ethnic identity      3      0.58          67.63      0.57          66.73
##                                                                                                  experience      3      0.58          68.21      0.57          67.30
##                                                                                         intergroup behavior      3      0.58          68.79      0.57          67.87
##                                                                                                      values      3      0.58          69.36      0.57          68.44
##                                                                                        academic achievement      2      0.39          69.75      0.38          68.82
##                                                                                         adaptation problems      2      0.39          70.13      0.38          69.20
##                                                                                                 alcohol use      2      0.39          70.52      0.38          69.58
##                                                                                           consumer behavior      2      0.39          70.91      0.38          69.96
##                                                                                     cultural health beliefs      2      0.39          71.29      0.38          70.34
##                                                                                       dietary acculturation      2      0.39          71.68      0.38          70.72
##                                                                                              discrimination      2      0.39          72.06      0.38          71.10
##                                                                                             eating disorder      2      0.39          72.45      0.38          71.48
##                                                                                     emotional acculturation      2      0.39          72.83      0.38          71.86
##                                                                                                 flourishing      2      0.39          73.22      0.38          72.24
##                                                                                              identification      2      0.39          73.60      0.38          72.62
##                                                                                                    identity      2      0.39          73.99      0.38          73.00
##                                                                                               intermarriage      2      0.39          74.37      0.38          73.38
##                                                                                            job satisfaction      2      0.39          74.76      0.38          73.76
##                                                                                           life satisfaction      2      0.39          75.14      0.38          74.14
##                                                                                        marital satisfaction      2      0.39          75.53      0.38          74.52
##                                                                                            multiculturalism      2      0.39          75.92      0.38          74.90
##                                                                                                  overweight      2      0.39          76.30      0.38          75.29
##                                                                                                 personality      2      0.39          76.69      0.38          75.67
##                                                                                               risk behavior      2      0.39          77.07      0.38          76.05
##                                                                                              social anxiety      2      0.39          77.46      0.38          76.43
##                                                                                          social integration      2      0.39          77.84      0.38          76.81
##                                                                                    sociocultural adaptation      2      0.39          78.23      0.38          77.19
##                                                                                    sociocultural adjustment      2      0.39          78.61      0.38          77.57
##                                                                                     acculturation potential      1      0.19          78.81      0.19          77.76
##                                                                              acculturation scale validation      1      0.19          79.00      0.19          77.95
##                                                                                                       aging      1      0.19          79.19      0.19          78.14
##                                                                                         alcohol consumption      1      0.19          79.38      0.19          78.33
##                                                                                                assimilation      1      0.19          79.58      0.19          78.52
##                                                                                                      asthma      1      0.19          79.77      0.19          78.71
##                                                                                    attachment to the nation      1      0.19          79.96      0.19          78.90
##                                                                              biculturalism and life domains      1      0.19          80.15      0.19          79.09
##                                                                                                   body mass      1      0.19          80.35      0.19          79.28
##                                                                                         bonding, depression      1      0.19          80.54      0.19          79.47
##                                                                                                cannabis use      1      0.19          80.73      0.19          79.66
##                                                                                               career choice      1      0.19          80.92      0.19          79.85
##                                                                                              career success      1      0.19          81.12      0.19          80.04
##                                                                                              change in diet      1      0.19          81.31      0.19          80.23
##                                                                                          child birth weight      1      0.19          81.50      0.19          80.42
##                                                                                               civic beliefs      1      0.19          81.70      0.19          80.61
##                                                                                       cognitive development      1      0.19          81.89      0.19          80.80
##                                                                            cognitive information processing      1      0.19          82.08      0.19          80.99
##                                                                                                computer use      1      0.19          82.27      0.19          81.18
##                                                                                              conflict ethos      1      0.19          82.47      0.19          81.37
##                                                                                            consumer loyalty      1      0.19          82.66      0.19          81.56
##                                                                                           contraception use      1      0.19          82.85      0.19          81.75
##                                                                                       cultural transmission      1      0.19          83.04      0.19          81.94
##                                                                                          cultural value fit      1      0.19          83.24      0.19          82.13
##                                                                                             dating violence      1      0.19          83.43      0.19          82.32
##                                                                                                 development      1      0.19          83.62      0.19          82.51
##                                                                                               diabetes risk      1      0.19          83.82      0.19          82.70
##                                                                                                        diet      1      0.19          84.01      0.19          82.89
##                                                                                            dietary behavior      1      0.19          84.20      0.19          83.08
##                                                                                                disabilities      1      0.19          84.39      0.19          83.27
##                                                                                           domestic violence      1      0.19          84.59      0.19          83.46
##                                                                                           drinking behavior      1      0.19          84.78      0.19          83.65
##                                                                                      economic participation      1      0.19          84.97      0.19          83.84
##                                                                                                  engagement      1      0.19          85.16      0.19          84.03
##                                                                                            English Literacy      1      0.19          85.36      0.19          84.22
##                                                                                    Ethnic group affiliation      1      0.19          85.55      0.19          84.41
##                                                                                                ethnic label      1      0.19          85.74      0.19          84.60
##                                                                                              family loyalty      1      0.19          85.93      0.19          84.79
##                                                                                        family relationships      1      0.19          86.13      0.19          84.98
##                                                                                             food insecurity      1      0.19          86.32      0.19          85.17
##                                                                                                  friendship      1      0.19          86.51      0.19          85.36
##                                                                                                gender roles      1      0.19          86.71      0.19          85.55
##                                                                                     gender roles and rights      1      0.19          86.90      0.19          85.74
##                                                                                                     general      1      0.19          87.09      0.19          85.93
##                                                                                           identity conflict      1      0.19          87.28      0.19          86.12
##                                                                             importance social connectedness      1      0.19          87.48      0.19          86.31
##                                                                                  individualism-collectivism      1      0.19          87.67      0.19          86.50
##                                                                                      infant feeding choices      1      0.19          87.86      0.19          86.69
##                                                                                      integration experience      1      0.19          88.05      0.19          86.88
##                                                                                      integration strategies      1      0.19          88.25      0.19          87.07
##                                                                  intention to access psychological services      1      0.19          88.44      0.19          87.26
##                                                                                          intention to leave      1      0.19          88.63      0.19          87.45
##                                                                                         interaction quality      1      0.19          88.82      0.19          87.64
##                                                                                        intergroup relations      1      0.19          89.02      0.19          87.83
##                                                                                                internet use      1      0.19          89.21      0.19          88.02
##                                                                                            language anxiety      1      0.19          89.40      0.19          88.21
##                                                                      language dominance, cultural dominance      1      0.19          89.60      0.19          88.40
##                                                                                        language orientation      1      0.19          89.79      0.19          88.59
##                                                                                             language skills      1      0.19          89.98      0.19          88.78
##       language, religion, alienation and belonging, traditions, customs, media, clothing, living conditions      1      0.19          90.17      0.19          88.97
##                                                                                      leadership preferences      1      0.19          90.37      0.19          89.16
##                                                                                                     leisure      1      0.19          90.56      0.19          89.35
##                                                                               life satisfaction, competence      1      0.19          90.75      0.19          89.54
##                                                                                            Loss of homeland      1      0.19          90.94      0.19          89.73
##                                                                                                    marriage      1      0.19          91.14      0.19          89.92
##                                                                                        migration experience      1      0.19          91.33      0.19          90.11
##                                                                                         minority experience      1      0.19          91.52      0.19          90.30
##                                                                                            mood dysfunction      1      0.19          91.71      0.19          90.49
##                                                                                           moral development      1      0.19          91.91      0.19          90.68
##                                                                                                  motivation      1      0.19          92.10      0.19          90.87
##                                                                                                  narratives      1      0.19          92.29      0.19          91.06
##                                                                                              naturalization      1      0.19          92.49      0.19          91.25
##                                                                                                 oral health      1      0.19          92.68      0.19          91.44
##                                                                                  Organizational Temporality      1      0.19          92.87      0.19          91.63
##                                                                                                        pain      1      0.19          93.06      0.19          91.83
##                                                                                    perceived ethnic density      1      0.19          93.26      0.19          92.02
##                                                                                            perceived health      1      0.19          93.45      0.19          92.21
##                                                                                       political involvement      1      0.19          93.64      0.19          92.40
##                                                                                     political participation      1      0.19          93.83      0.19          92.59
##                                                                                             political trust      1      0.19          94.03      0.19          92.78
##                                                                  psychological and sociocultural adjustment      1      0.19          94.22      0.19          92.97
##                                                                                   psychological functioning      1      0.19          94.41      0.19          93.16
##                                                                                            reading behavior      1      0.19          94.61      0.19          93.35
##                                                                                    rejection-identification      1      0.19          94.80      0.19          93.54
##                                                                                         religious practices      1      0.19          94.99      0.19          93.73
##                                                                                            risk perceptions      1      0.19          95.18      0.19          93.92
##                                                                                             safety behavior      1      0.19          95.38      0.19          94.11
##                                                                                            savings behavior      1      0.19          95.57      0.19          94.30
##                                                                               segmented assimilation theory      1      0.19          95.76      0.19          94.49
##                                                                                               self-efficacy      1      0.19          95.95      0.19          94.68
##                                                                                                 self-esteem      1      0.19          96.15      0.19          94.87
##                                                                                       settlement strategies      1      0.19          96.34      0.19          95.06
##                                                                                            sexual relations      1      0.19          96.53      0.19          95.25
##                                                                                             sexual violence      1      0.19          96.72      0.19          95.44
##                                                                                                 social pain      1      0.19          96.92      0.19          95.63
##                                                                                        social participation      1      0.19          97.11      0.19          95.82
##                                                                                         social readjustment      1      0.19          97.30      0.19          96.01
##                                                                                               social status      1      0.19          97.50      0.19          96.20
##                                                                                        Spiritual Well-Being      1      0.19          97.69      0.19          96.39
##                                                                                         sport acculturation      1      0.19          97.88      0.19          96.58
##                                                                                       subjective well-being      1      0.19          98.07      0.19          96.77
##                                                                                             substance abuse      1      0.19          98.27      0.19          96.96
##                                                                                               substance use      1      0.19          98.46      0.19          97.15
##                                                                                                     success      1      0.19          98.65      0.19          97.34
##                                                                                           suicide attitudes      1      0.19          98.84      0.19          97.53
##                                                                                                      trauma      1      0.19          99.04      0.19          97.72
##                                                                                               victimization      1      0.19          99.23      0.19          97.91
##                                                                                                    violence      1      0.19          99.42      0.19          98.10
##                                                                                           vocational stress      1      0.19          99.61      0.19          98.29
##                                                                                    work place relationships      1      0.19          99.81      0.19          98.48
##                                                                                         workplace practices      1      0.19         100.00      0.19          98.67
##                                                                                                        <NA>      7                               1.33         100.00
##                                                                                                       Total    526    100.00         100.00    100.00         100.00
## Frequencies  
## dt.psych.included$MigrationTime  
## Type: Character  
## 
##                    Freq   % Valid   % Valid Cum.   % Total   % Total Cum.
## ---------------- ------ --------- -------------- --------- --------------
##             post    512     97.71          97.71     97.34          97.34
##       pre & post     10      1.91          99.62      1.90          99.24
##        potential      2      0.38         100.00      0.38          99.62
##             <NA>      2                               0.38         100.00
##            Total    526    100.00         100.00    100.00         100.00

Sample

To gain a deeper understanding of the study setups in the empirical studies we coded the type of sample recruited (Figure 11).

Figure 11: Bar graph of the study samples used in the empirical studies.

Again the category general refers to a sampling strategy in which any consenting adult would be able to participate in the study.
Beyond the sample group itself we also coded which time point in the migration process was targeted. Table 11 showcases that an overwhelming majority of studies targets migrants only after they had left their country of origin.

Table 11: Migration Time
Migration Time Frequency
post 512
pre & post 10
potential 2

Additionally, only a minority of studies included data on the acculturation process from the majority and migrant perspective jointly (see Table 12).

Table 12: Whether sample includes majority members
Majority members Frequency
no 447
yes 77

Dimensions

Again, a major focus of our coding was the role of affect, behavior, cognition, and desires in the measurement of acculturation. Based the ABCD framework of human experiences, we independently distinguished between emotional (affect), behavioral, cognitive, and need-based measurements of of acculturation.

Figure 12 shows how often each of the four dimensions was coded.

Figure 12: Bar graph of the counts for each of the dimensions across all included empirical works.

Again, we also plot how often each of the dimensions were measured together. A bar graph of the compound frequencies is shown Figure 13 and a network graph of frequencies and co-occurrences is shown in Figure 15.

Figure 13: Bar graph of the counts for each of the dimension combinations.


To Do: Alternative needed (?)
Parallel coordinates plot is frequently recommended in the literature of multidimensional visualizations but does not paint a clear picture here - in my opinion. Look for alternative.

Parralel coordinate graph showcasing the dimension combinations.

Figure 14: Parralel coordinate graph showcasing the dimension combinations.

Figure 15: Network graph of the dimension frequencies and co-occurences. The nodes (i.e., circles) represent the concepts so that the size of the circle indicates the number of times concept was coded and the edges (i.e., connections) represent the co-occurences so that the width of the line indicates how often the concepts were measured in one scale.

Domains

We, again, coded which life domains the acculturation measures referred to, either as part of subscale labels, factor labels, explicit commentary of the authors, or clear question wordings (see Figure 16).

Wordcloud of the scale domains in empirical results.

Figure 16: Wordcloud of the scale domains in empirical results.

Focus of the Paper

For the empirical works we also coded the main focus of the papers. The wordcloud of the topics illustrates that although a majority of articles also have acculturation as their main focus, health and adjustment are also fields that measured acculturation in their empirical works (see Figure 17).

Wordcloud of the article foci in the empirical results.

Figure 17: Wordcloud of the article foci in the empirical results.

Countries

Similar as for the validation studies we again coded the cultural context the empirical studies. Again, we coded both the migrants’ country of origin as well as the country of the receiving society, in which the study was conducted (see Figure 18).

Figure 18: Bar graph of frequencies for host countries and countries of origin.

Analysis

Finally, we also coded what kind of analyses the authors conducted with the acculturation measurements in the empirical studies (see Table 13).

Table 13: Main Analysis in which Acculturation Measure was used
Analysis Frequency
regression (incl. PROCESS) 277
mean difference 57
SEM 47
correlation 41
validation 32
descriptive (static) 18
longitudinal (dynamic) 18
content analysis 8
cluster 7
lagged regression 3
N/A 3
lagged (dynamic) 2
participant selection 2
dynamic 1
open and axial coding, and constant comparative coding 1
path analysis 1
phenomenological praxis 1
process (dynamic) 1
Social Network Analysis 1
static 1

Additionally, we coded where in the model the acculturation measure was placed (see Table 14).

Table 14: Variable Type of Acculturation Measure
Variable Type Frequency
Predictor 285
Dependent 148
Correlation 37
Predictor & Dependent 25
Mediator 14
Moderator 6
N/A 5
selection criterion 2
Control 1
validation; Predictor 1

Empirical: Keywords & Fields

To assess the differences between fields we merged the Scimago Journal Ranking Database with our empirical review. For all available journal articles we added information on key journal metrics:

  • Scimago Journal Rank Indicator (SJR, year-average weighted citations of articles published in past 3-year period)
  • H Index (h number of articles that have been cited at least h times)
  • Number of articles published in 2019
  • Number of articles published in 2017, 2018, 2019
  • Number of references in published articles (2019)
  • Number of citations in 2016-2018
  • Number of citable documents 2016-2018
  • Average number of citations per document in a 2-year period
  • Average number of references per document in 2019
  • Country of publisher
  • Region of publisher
  • Time period of journal activity (Coverage)
  • Keywords (Categories)
  • Field

Journals

Note that dissertations, book chapters, and books were excluded from this analysis because data on their publishers is not readily available or unreliable. Additionally, 10 journals were not included in the Scimago database (likely because they do not have an ISSN identifier or were discontinued before 1996; see Table 15 for the missing Journals).

Table 15: Journal Information Missing in Scimago Journal Ranking
Journal Name
Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy
Journal of Immigrant Health
Journal of Mental Health Counseling
Arab Journal of Psychiatry
The Irish Journal of Psychology
International Review of Applied Psychology
Journal of Nutrition Education
Archives of General Psychiatry
Psychological Monographs: General and Applied
Zeitschrift für Psychologie

This meant that we ultimately had journal metrics for 437 empirical articles. The frequencies of the journals, and a selection of their impact metrics is shown in Table 16.

Table 16: Journal Frequency
Journal N SJR CitesDoc2years Hindex RefDoc TotalDocs3years PublisherCountry
Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 53 0,718 1,64 51 39,69 554 United States
International Journal of Intercultural Relations 43 0,721 2,39 75 66,32 163 United Kingdom
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 14 1,086 2,45 106 60,28 272 United States
Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 11 1,343 2,72 74 26,07 177 United States
International Journal of Psychology 10 0,651 1,61 58 29,74 212 United States
International Journal of Social Psychiatry 8 0,676 1,73 58 43,21 291 United Kingdom
Journal of Community Psychology 6 0,462 1,43 82 57,08 222 United States
Journal of Transcultural Nursing 5 0,578 1,53 46 33,82 248 United States
American Journal of Community Psychology 4 0,829 2,33 109 59,36 263 United States
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 4 0,930 2,41 91 37,70 226 United States
European Journal of Social Psychology 4 1,401 2,96 106 70,72 240 United Kingdom
Journal of Applied Social Psychology 4 0,835 1,89 104 61,00 181 United States
Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work 4 0,553 2,04 27 46,55 92 United States
Journal of Social Psychology 4 0,555 1,84 72 47,68 173 United States
Social Science and Medicine 4 1,944 4,34 229 60,01 1594 United Kingdom
Social Science Research 4 1,180 2,32 82 71,58 368 United States
Transcultural Psychiatry 4 0,630 2,03 52 56,51 126 United Kingdom
Aging and Mental Health 3 1,053 2,86 82 48,50 549 United Kingdom
Australian Psychologist 3 0,573 1,67 44 51,70 169 United States
Child Development 3 2,880 5,61 243 60,17 515 United States
Ethnicity and Health 3 0,688 2,85 54 46,01 232 United Kingdom
European Psychologist 3 1,224 3,29 52 67,11 75 United States
Frontiers in Psychology 3 0,914 2,54 95 59,14 6884 Switzerland
International Journal of Behavioral Development 3 1,159 2,21 86 47,68 205 United States
Issues in Mental Health Nursing 3 0,396 1,12 57 33,00 458 United Kingdom
Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology 3 0,687 2,26 60 47,27 121 United Kingdom
Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 3 0,505 1,28 38 53,74 82 United States
Journal of Health and Social Behavior 3 1,314 2,29 122 50,69 118 United States
Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 3 0,300 0,81 30 41,25 213 United States
Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 3 0,283 0,86 12 56,94 55 United Kingdom
Nicotine and Tobacco Research 3 1,625 3,43 108 30,88 835 United Kingdom
PLoS ONE 3 1,023 2,94 300 45,68 63029 United States
Psychological Reports 3 0,469 1,75 63 52,30 238 United States
Social Indicators Research 3 0,875 2,21 99 58,08 986 Netherlands
AIDS and Behavior 2 1,783 3,55 99 46,94 1100 Netherlands
American Journal of Health Promotion 2 0,838 2,11 87 26,29 400 United States
American Journal of Public Health 2 2,210 4,20 253 14,98 1816 United States
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 2 0,977 2,25 94 49,68 267 United States
Applied Research in Quality of Life 2 0,527 2,13 28 60,54 204 Netherlands
Asian American Journal of Psychology 2 0,621 1,21 26 43,97 91 United States
Asian Journal of Social Psychology 2 0,445 1,20 47 45,74 102 United Kingdom
Basic and Applied Social Psychology 2 0,591 1,83 64 60,84 102 United States
BMC Psychiatry 2 1,341 3,15 88 47,98 1269 United Kingdom
Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 2 0,461 1,04 50 24,84 86 United States
Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 2 0,588 1,41 40 53,56 148 United States
Cross-Cultural Research 2 0,561 2,26 38 64,75 62 United States
Developmental Psychology 2 2,258 3,81 203 43,41 557 United States
Ethnic and Racial Studies 2 1,034 1,88 87 43,93 539 United Kingdom
General Hospital Psychiatry 2 1,430 3,08 100 45,33 292 Netherlands
Health Care for Women International 2 0,442 1,08 49 40,55 297 United Kingdom
Hellenic Journal of Psychology 2 0,165 0,25 7 53,82 48 Greece
Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 2 0,438 1,00 59 35,81 88 United States
International Journal of Aging and Human Development 2 0,504 1,52 55 45,75 126 United States
International Journal of Public Opinion Research 2 1,852 2,96 52 48,25 82 United Kingdom
Journal of Adolescence 2 1,186 3,16 109 55,04 447 United States
Journal of Aging and Health 2 1,062 2,36 71 49,83 232 United States
Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research 2 0,615 1,68 52 44,25 164 United States
Journal of Child and Family Studies 2 0,793 1,72 70 58,46 1001 United States
Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2 0,938 5,38 99 51,87 1219 United States
Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied 2 0,660 2,05 58 58,41 140 United States
Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2 1,053 3,09 148 44,55 514 United States
Journal of Youth and Adolescence 2 1,773 3,83 110 57,77 495 Netherlands
Journal of Youth Studies 2 0,928 2,32 50 57,03 254 United Kingdom
Management Communication Quarterly 2 0,784 1,95 60 51,13 91 United States
Mental Health, Religion and Culture 2 0,284 0,53 40 47,01 255 United Kingdom
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2 2,082 3,68 185 60,51 355 United States
Preventive Medicine 2 1,744 4,01 164 39,49 1062 United States
Psychology in Russia: State of the Art 2 0,191 0,50 8 38,29 181 Russian Federation
Social Behavior and Personality 2 0,357 0,85 53 35,72 473 New Zealand
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2 1,775 4,23 116 47,94 461 Germany
Substance Use and Misuse 2 0,671 1,71 76 48,52 680 United Kingdom
Universitas Psychologica 2 0,227 0,45 21 41,09 329 Colombia
Academic Psychiatry 1 0,566 1,45 40 16,14 594 United States
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1 2,516 5,95 140 48,82 420 United Kingdom
Adult Education Quarterly 1 0,732 1,90 45 53,04 49 United Kingdom
Alcohol and Alcoholism 1 0,793 2,24 94 30,55 316 United Kingdom
American Behavioral Scientist 1 0,781 2,05 102 48,13 336 United States
American Journal of Men’s Health 1 0,689 2,13 31 40,90 467 United States
American Journal of Psychiatry 1 6,071 11,87 344 25,51 721 United States
Appetite 1 1,341 3,99 133 54,04 1334 Netherlands
Applied Developmental Science 1 0,876 3,00 69 69,03 82 United States
Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 1 0,495 1,48 47 42,60 380 United Kingdom
Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health 1 0,551 1,27 33 25,88 281 United States
Assessment 1 2,040 4,09 80 61,32 253 United States
British Journal of Guidance and Counselling 1 0,287 1,03 43 49,99 177 United States
British Journal of Social Psychology 1 1,501 3,20 93 63,44 139 United States
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 1 1,966 3,71 109 40,06 327 Canada
Canadian Journal of School Psychology 1 0,283 0,91 27 48,50 62 United Kingdom
Canadian Journal on Aging 1 0,506 1,54 42 43,94 140 Canada
Career Development International 1 1,052 3,49 56 75,17 119 United Kingdom
Clinical Gerontologist 1 0,551 2,04 30 40,88 141 United States
Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health 1 0,442 1,65 45 38,36 79 United Arab Emirates
Communication Monographs 1 1,979 5,57 66 59,17 81 United Kingdom
Contemporary Drug Problems 1 0,674 1,95 11 68,33 70 United States
Counseling Psychologist 1 1,055 1,96 74 75,35 142 United States
Cross Cultural and Strategic Management 1 0,825 2,63 37 105,55 101 United Kingdom
Culture, Health and Sexuality 1 0,952 2,52 60 42,51 307 United Kingdom
Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 1 0,629 1,55 54 62,09 117 United States
Current Opinion in Psychology 1 1,978 5,05 33 48,91 486 United Kingdom
Current Psychology 1 0,506 3,04 39 57,06 569 United States
Current Research in Social Psychology 1 0,144 0,08 21 0,00 18 United States
Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 1 1,352 3,18 133 27,32 407 United States
Development and Psychopathology 1 1,739 3,92 164 83,16 384 United Kingdom
Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1 1,909 4,22 158 46,39 1356 Netherlands
Eating and Weight Disorders 1 0,728 4,07 41 44,74 273 Switzerland
European Journal of Marketing 1 1,033 2,94 91 78,44 333 United Kingdom
Hispanic Health Care International 1 0,223 0,35 14 26,16 93 United States
Human Organization 1 0,365 0,83 51 60,97 97 United States
Identity 1 0,478 1,05 29 49,05 69 United Kingdom
International Journal of Culture and Mental Health 1 0,227 0,80 11 35,00 161 United Kingdom
International Journal of Hospitality Management 1 2,217 8,43 106 76,16 373 United Kingdom
International Nursing Review 1 0,695 2,12 48 28,35 231 United Kingdom
International Review for the Sociology of Sport 1 0,860 2,65 54 61,87 164 United Kingdom
International Review of Social Psychology 1 1,103 3,45 18 43,33 48 United Kingdom
International Social Work 1 0,445 1,10 40 44,00 307 United Kingdom
Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 1 0,898 1,15 68 58,53 162 United States
Journal of Advertising 1 3,373 9,29 101 63,31 122 United States
Journal of Affective Disorders 1 1,945 4,45 174 52,72 2359 Netherlands
Journal of Aging Studies 1 0,613 1,61 58 54,67 112 United Kingdom
Journal of Anxiety Disorders 1 2,056 3,34 107 56,73 272 United Kingdom
Journal of Behavioral Medicine 1 1,225 3,23 90 48,90 288 United States
Journal of Black Studies 1 0,349 0,65 38 50,25 125 United States
Journal of Cancer Education 1 0,564 1,65 40 26,61 469 United States
Journal of Clinical Nursing 1 0,809 2,37 96 42,34 1427 United Kingdom
Journal of Community Health 1 0,719 1,69 59 32,43 474 Netherlands
Journal of Comparative Family Studies 1 0,237 0,31 37 43,88 88 Canada
Journal of Conflict Resolution 1 3,031 3,44 101 62,19 206 United States
Journal of Consumer Marketing 1 0,751 1,99 91 65,48 179 United Kingdom
Journal of Counseling Psychology 1 2,533 4,48 126 31,38 195 United States
Journal of Early Adolescence 1 1,108 2,34 66 61,13 140 United States
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1 1,710 3,89 162 36,33 541 United Kingdom
Journal of Family Psychology 1 1,376 2,41 115 31,89 329 United States
Journal of Family Violence 1 0,697 1,72 74 49,13 229 United States
Journal of Gerontological Social Work 1 0,413 1,18 40 25,37 166 United States
Journal of Happiness Studies 1 1,193 3,20 67 65,89 343 Netherlands
Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 1 0,991 3,54 64 45,08 245 United Kingdom
Journal of Management and Organization 1 0,505 2,79 30 73,30 192 United Kingdom
Journal of Managerial Psychology 1 1,046 2,17 74 50,80 156 United Kingdom
Journal of Marriage and Family 1 1,671 2,66 152 58,54 257 United Kingdom
Journal of Mental Health 1 0,910 2,85 63 42,29 289 United Kingdom
Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 1 1,314 2,00 40 40,67 50 United States
Journal of Muslim Mental Health 1 0,376 0,19 17 46,18 31 United States
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1 0,832 1,85 118 38,92 460 United States
Journal of Nursing Scholarship 1 1,074 3,04 76 35,06 236 United Kingdom
Journal of Personality 1 2,593 4,40 135 65,14 205 United Kingdom
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1 4,539 7,37 351 50,77 341 United States
Journal of Personality Assessment 1 1,221 2,78 95 52,57 214 United States
Journal of physical activity & health 1 0,777 2,05 68 39,68 543 United States
Journal of Primary Prevention 1 0,622 1,86 52 40,54 116 United States
Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 1 0,618 2,15 60 45,90 223 United Kingdom
Journal of School Psychology 1 1,789 4,13 89 77,62 146 United Kingdom
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 1 1,099 2,80 79 55,94 173 United Kingdom
Journal of Social Service Research 1 0,296 0,90 33 47,74 162 United States
Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners 1 0,473 1,42 16 13,84 332 United Kingdom
Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association 1 0,481 1,66 28 30,52 143 United States
Journal of the National Medical Association 1 0,355 1,12 66 28,77 201 United States
Journal of Traumatic Stress 1 0,939 2,22 130 44,67 259 United States
Journal of Vocational Behavior 1 2,210 5,40 141 81,80 242 United States
Journal of Women’s Health 1 1,042 2,29 93 34,05 582 United States
Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 1 1,591 3,54 142 36,50 415 United States
Kinesiology 1 0,454 1,48 19 34,53 113 Croatia
Leisure Sciences 1 0,597 2,52 62 57,77 131 United Kingdom
Marriage and Family Review 1 0,659 1,46 37 55,60 123 United States
Mass Communication and Society 1 2,252 2,74 32 58,43 116 United States
Maternal and Child Health Journal 1 1,014 2,10 80 30,56 801 United States
Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development 1 0,417 1,96 46 46,83 67 United States
Narrative Inquiry 1 0,339 1,05 41 54,22 56 Netherlands
New Zealand Journal of Psychology 1 0,263 0,48 29 41,16 59 New Zealand
Open Psychology Journal 1 0,236 0,81 9 45,70 63 Netherlands
Pediatric obesity 1 1,455 3,65 63 39,37 274 United Kingdom
Perceptual and Motor Skills 1 0,459 1,51 64 47,66 259 United States
Personality and Individual Differences 1 1,288 2,90 155 47,25 1966 United Kingdom
Prevention Science 1 1,407 3,38 81 46,86 323 Netherlands
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1 5,165 9,35 737 45,05 11653 United States
Psicologia Conductual 1 0,334 1,18 21 52,19 82 Spain
Psicologia Sociale 1 0,222 0,61 7 59,10 50 Italy
Psychiatrikē = Psychiatriki 1 0,220 0,40 12 0,00 96 Greece
Psychiatry Research 1 1,019 2,49 127 50,21 2525 Ireland
Psychology and Developing Societies 1 0,171 0,35 17 50,92 38 India
Psychology and Health 1 1,007 2,96 85 57,90 269 United Kingdom
Psychology in the Schools 1 0,676 1,53 71 58,39 257 United States
Qualitative Health Research 1 1,571 3,18 106 51,45 527 United States
Reading Research Quarterly 1 2,060 4,40 86 81,84 83 United States
Research in Nursing and Health 1 0,758 2,39 81 36,38 189 United States
Risk Analysis 1 1,092 3,58 124 54,31 561 United Kingdom
Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 1 0,794 1,81 69 54,71 221 United Kingdom
Social Identities 1 0,347 1,14 33 46,59 135 United Kingdom
Social Psychology 1 1,117 2,23 33 53,12 97 Germany
Social Psychology Quarterly 1 1,106 1,57 81 56,38 61 United States
Sociological Quarterly 1 0,507 1,14 58 65,71 108 United States
South African Journal of Psychology 1 0,378 1,20 32 38,28 145 United States
Spanish Journal of Psychology 1 0,389 2,43 38 42,73 252 United Kingdom
The Lancet Psychiatry 1 6,967 17,42 65 17,42 995 United Kingdom
TPM - Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology 1 0,350 1,15 17 54,26 101 Italy
Violence Against Women 1 0,888 2,58 90 53,94 277 United States
Women’s Health Issues 1 1,251 2,51 56 40,58 293 Netherlands
Note:
SJR = Scimago Journal Rank Indicator;
CitesDoc2years = Average number of citations per document in a 2-year period;
Hindex = H Index (h number of articles that have been cited at least h times);
RefDoc = Average number of references per document in 2019;
TotalDocs3years = Number of articles published in 2017, 2018, 2019


To gain a broad understanding of the interest development we plotted the yearly average H Index (Figure 19) and yearly average of the journals’ citations per paper over time (Figure 20). It should be noted that the citation per paper metric is based in the years of 2018/19 and might not represent the citation impact of the journals at the time of the publications. Yet the metric should offer a first insight into average level of journal outlet selected by the authors. Also note that confidence bands are only calculated for a yearly N > 1 and only displayed with two or more consecutive years of data.

Line graph of average H Index over time.

Figure 19: Line graph of average H Index over time.

Histogram of the publication year for all included results.

Figure 20: Histogram of the publication year for all included results.

Keywords

In the Scimago database each journal is assigned a set of keywords capturing their publication topics. Assessing these might offer a better understanding of the types of Journal and readership that are targeted by the authors. We assess the frequency of keyword lists (i.e., combinations of keywords, see Table 17) as well as the frequency of all available individual keywords (see Table 18).
Note on possible follow-up: It would be cool to use topic modeling (machine learning) to relate the Journal keywords to the domains and dimensions. For example, using Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA).

Table 17: Keyword Combination Frequency
Keyword Frequency
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health; Epidemiology 53
Business and International Management; Sociology and Political Science; Social Psychology 43
Social Psychology 26
Psychology (miscellaneous) 19
Anthropology; Cultural Studies; Social Psychology 14
Social Psychology; Sociology and Political Science 12
Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Medicine (miscellaneous); Psychology (miscellaneous) 10
Medicine (miscellaneous); Psychiatry and Mental Health 9
Nursing (miscellaneous) 9
Clinical Psychology; Psychiatry and Mental Health 8
Psychiatry and Mental Health 8
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health 8
Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Psychology (miscellaneous) 6
Psychiatric Mental Health 6
Social Psychology; Social Work 6
Health (social science); Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health 5
Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Psychology (miscellaneous); Developmental and Educational Psychology; Psychiatry and Mental Health 4
Education; Health (social science); Social Work 4
Education; Sociology and Political Science 4
Health (social science); History and Philosophy of Science; Medicine (miscellaneous) 4
Health (social science); Psychiatry and Mental Health 4
Health (social science); Social Work; Applied Psychology; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health 4
Multidisciplinary 4
Sociology and Political Science 4
Anthropology; Social Sciences (miscellaneous) 3
Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Cultural Studies; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health 3
Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Sociology and Political Science; Developmental and Educational Psychology 3
Developmental and Educational Psychology; Education 3
Developmental and Educational Psychology; Education; Life-span and Life-course Studies; Social Psychology; Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Developmental Neuroscience 3
Developmental and Educational Psychology; Education; Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health; Social Work 3
Epidemiology; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health 3
Gerontology; Psychiatric Mental Health; Psychiatry and Mental Health; Geriatrics and Gerontology 3
Health (social science); Geriatrics and Gerontology 3
Medicine (miscellaneous) 3
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health; Social Psychology 3
Sociology and Political Science; Social Psychology 3
Aging; Developmental and Educational Psychology; Geriatrics and Gerontology 2
Anthropology; Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Psychology (miscellaneous) 2
Anthropology; Cultural Studies; Linguistics and Language; Social Psychology 2
Anthropology; Cultural Studies; Sociology and Political Science 2
Applied Psychology 2
Applied Psychology; Social Psychology 2
Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous); Education; Psychology (miscellaneous) 2
Clinical Psychology; Applied Psychology 2
Communication; Strategy and Management 2
Community and Home Care; Gerontology; Health (social science); Life-span and Life-course Studies; Sociology and Political Science; Geriatrics and Gerontology 2
Demography; Developmental and Educational Psychology; Life-span and Life-course Studies 2
Developmental and Educational Psychology; Education; Social Psychology; Social Sciences (miscellaneous) 2
Developmental and Educational Psychology; Life-span and Life-course Studies 2
Developmental and Educational Psychology; Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health; Psychiatry and Mental Health; Social Psychology 2
Education; Psychology (miscellaneous) 2
Epidemiology; Health (social science); Psychiatry and Mental Health; Social Psychology 2
Health (social science); Medicine (miscellaneous); Psychiatry and Mental Health; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health 2
Health Policy; Health (social science); Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health 2
Health Professions (miscellaneous) 2
Infectious Diseases; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health; Social Psychology 2
Life-span and Life-course Studies 2
Life-span and Life-course Studies; Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Sociology and Political Science 2
Psychology (miscellaneous); Social Psychology 2
Social Sciences (miscellaneous) 2
Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Social Psychology 2
Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Social Work 2
Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Sociology and Political Science 2
Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Sociology and Political Science; Social Work 2
Anthropology; Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Health (social science); Medicine (miscellaneous); Psychiatry and Mental Health 1
Anthropology; Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Social Sciences (miscellaneous) 1
Anthropology; Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Social Work 1
Anthropology; Social Psychology; Sociology and Political Science 1
Anthropology; Sociology and Political Science 1
Applied Psychology; Clinical Psychology 1
Applied Psychology; Communication; Computer Science Applications; Human-Computer Interaction; Medicine (miscellaneous); Social Psychology 1
Applied Psychology; Cultural Studies 1
Applied Psychology; Education; Life-span and Life-course Studies; Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management 1
Applied Psychology; Management Science and Operations Research; Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management; Social Psychology 1
Applied Psychology; Psychology (miscellaneous); Social Psychology 1
Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Clinical Psychology; Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis; Psychiatry and Mental Health 1
Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Developmental and Educational Psychology; Medicine (miscellaneous); Psychology (miscellaneous) 1
Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Psychology (miscellaneous); Social Psychology; Sociology and Political Science 1
Biological Psychiatry; Psychiatry and Mental Health 1
Business and International Management; Communication; Marketing 1
Business and International Management; Cultural Studies; Sociology and Political Science; Strategy and Management; Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management 1
Business and International Management; Marketing 1
Business and International Management; Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management 1
Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous); Political Science and International Relations; Sociology and Political Science 1
Clinical Psychology; Experimental and Cognitive Psychology 1
Clinical Psychology; Geriatrics and Gerontology; Gerontology; Health (social science); Life-span and Life-course Studies; Medicine (miscellaneous); Social Psychology; Sociology and Political Science 1
Clinical Psychology; Gerontology; Health (social science); Social Psychology; Geriatrics and Gerontology 1
Clinical Psychology; Medicine (miscellaneous); Psychiatry and Mental Health; Social Psychology 1
Communication 1
Communication; Language and Linguistics 1
Communication; Social Psychology; Sociology and Political Science; Developmental and Educational Psychology 1
Community and Home Care; Gerontology; Health (social science); Geriatrics and Gerontology 1
Cultural Studies; Anthropology; Sociology and Political Science 1
Cultural Studies; Education; Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Sociology and Political Science; Social Psychology 1
Cultural Studies; Psychiatry and Mental Health; Social Psychology 1
Developmental and Educational Psychology 1
Developmental and Educational Psychology; Life-span and Life-course Studies; Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Sociology and Political Science 1
Developmental and Educational Psychology; Psychiatry and Mental Health 1
Education; Applied Psychology; Developmental and Educational Psychology; Psychology (miscellaneous) 1
Education; E-learning 1
Education; Medicine (miscellaneous); Psychiatry and Mental Health 1
Epidemiology; Psychiatry and Mental Health 1
Experimental and Cognitive Psychology; Sensory Systems 1
Gender Studies; Law; Sociology and Political Science 1
Health (social science); Maternity and Midwifery; Obstetrics and Gynecology; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health 1
Health Policy; Nutrition and Dietetics; Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health 1
History; Literature and Literary Theory; Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Education 1
Issues, Ethics and Legal Aspects; Health Policy; Medicine (miscellaneous) 1
Language and Linguistics; Linguistics and Language; Psychology (miscellaneous) 1
Law; Health Policy; Health (social science); Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health 1
Law; Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Sociology and Political Science; Clinical Psychology 1
Life-span and Life-course Studies; Applied Psychology; Developmental and Educational Psychology 1
Marketing 1
Medicine (miscellaneous); Nursing (miscellaneous) 1
Medicine (miscellaneous); Nutrition and Dietetics 1
Medicine (miscellaneous); Psychiatry and Mental Health; Toxicology 1
Medicine (miscellaneous); Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health 1
Nursing (miscellaneous); Medicine (miscellaneous) 1
Nursing (miscellaneous); Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Social Work 1
Nutrition and Dietetics; Psychology (miscellaneous) 1
Obstetrics and Gynecology; Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health; Epidemiology 1
Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management; Social Sciences (miscellaneous) 1
Orthopedics and Sports Medicine 1
Pharmacology; Pharmacology (medical); Psychiatry and Mental Health; Toxicology 1
Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation; Sports Science 1
Psychiatry and Mental Health; Biological Psychiatry 1
Psychiatry and Mental Health; Psychology (miscellaneous) 1
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health; Applied Psychology 1
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health; Oncology 1
Religious Studies 1
Religious Studies; Clinical Psychology; Health (social science); Psychiatry and Mental Health 1
Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality; Physiology (medical) 1
Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Sociology and Political Science; Sports Science 1
Sociology and Political Science; Environmental Science (miscellaneous); Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management 1
Strategy and Management; Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management 1
Table 18: Keyword Frequency
Keyword Frequency
Social Psychology 137
Sociology and Political Science 93
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health 92
Epidemiology 60
Psychiatry and Mental Health 55
Psychology (miscellaneous) 54
Business and International Management 47
Medicine (miscellaneous) 40
Health (social science) 39
Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) 34
Developmental and Educational Psychology 33
Social Sciences (miscellaneous) 32
Anthropology 29
Education 29
Cultural Studies 26
Social Work 23
Applied Psychology 19
Clinical Psychology 18
Life-span and Life-course Studies 17
Geriatrics and Gerontology 13
Nursing (miscellaneous) 12
Psychiatric Mental Health 9
Gerontology 8
Communication 7
Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health 7
Health Policy 5
Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management 5
History and Philosophy of Science 4
Multidisciplinary 4
Strategy and Management 4
Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous) 3
Community and Home Care 3
Developmental Neuroscience 3
Law 3
Linguistics and Language 3
Marketing 3
Nutrition and Dietetics 3
Aging 2
Biological Psychiatry 2
Demography 2
Experimental and Cognitive Psychology 2
Health Professions (miscellaneous) 2
Infectious Diseases 2
Language and Linguistics 2
Obstetrics and Gynecology 2
Religious Studies 2
Sports Science 2
Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management 2
Toxicology 2
Computer Science Applications 1
E-learning 1
Environmental Science (miscellaneous) 1
Gender Studies 1
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis 1
History 1
Human-Computer Interaction 1
Issues, Ethics and Legal Aspects 1
Literature and Literary Theory 1
Management Science and Operations Research 1
Maternity and Midwifery 1
Oncology 1
Orthopedics and Sports Medicine 1
Pharmacology 1
Pharmacology (medical) 1
Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation 1
Physiology (medical) 1
Political Science and International Relations 1
Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality 1
Sensory Systems 1
Note that journals can have multiple associated keywords.

Fields

Beyond the keywords, the Scimago database classifies each journal according to the field(s) that the journal aims to address. These field codes aim to capture a higher level of academic classification (than the keywords). Importantly, (1) each journal can be be classified to address multiple fields and (2) the field include codes of fields (e.g., ‘Social Sciences’) as well as sub-fields (e.g., ‘Social Psychology’). This leads to the case that there can be quite a lot of overlap between fields and journals cannot easily or readily be assessed in mutually exclusive subgroups. Yet, one of the aims of this review is to assess differences between fields and disciplines. We aim to address this issue in the following section (go to: ‘Empirical: Disciplines’). However, we first need to gain a better udnerstanding of the fields that are addressed by the journals – both jointly and generally. We list the frequencies of all unique combinations (see Table 19, as well as the overall frequencies of all available field codes (see Table 20).

Table 19: Fields Combination Frequency
Field Combination Frequency
Medicine 89
Psychology; Social Sciences 58
Psychology 57
Business, Management and Accounting; Psychology; Social Sciences 46
Social Sciences 34
Medicine; Psychology 19
Medicine; Social Sciences 18
Arts and Humanities; Medicine; Psychology 15
Nursing 15
Medicine; Psychology; Social Sciences 10
Arts and Humanities; Medicine; Social Sciences 8
Medicine; Nursing 8
Arts and Humanities; Psychology; Social Sciences 7
Arts and Humanities; Psychology 6
Business, Management and Accounting; Social Sciences 6
Arts and Humanities; Social Sciences 4
Business, Management and Accounting 4
Medicine; Nursing; Social Sciences 4
Multidisciplinary 4
Health Professions 3
Neuroscience; Psychology; Social Sciences 3
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology; Medicine; Psychology 2
Medicine; Neuroscience 2
Medicine; Nursing; Psychology; Social Sciences 2
Medicine; Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics 2
Arts and Humanities 1
Arts and Humanities; Environmental Science; Medicine; Psychology 1
Arts and Humanities; Medicine; Psychology; Social Sciences 1
Business, Management and Accounting; Decision Sciences; Psychology 1
Business, Management and Accounting; Environmental Science; Social Sciences 1
Computer Science; Medicine; Psychology; Social Sciences 1
Engineering; Medicine 1
Health Professions; Social Sciences 1
Neuroscience; Psychology 1
Nursing; Psychology 1
Nursing; Social Sciences 1
Table 20: Fields Frequency
Field Frequency
Psychology 231
Social Sciences 205
Medicine 183
Business, Management and Accounting 58
Arts and Humanities 43
Nursing 31
Neuroscience 6
Health Professions 4
Multidisciplinary 4
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology 2
Environmental Science 2
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics 2
Computer Science 1
Decision Sciences 1
Engineering 1
Note that journals can target multitple fields.

To gain a more intuitive understanding of how the individual codes relate to the joint journal field codes we combined the previous two tables into a single Sankey diagram (see Figure 21). By highlighting a field category (e.g., Psychology) one gains an understanding of how many journals address the field and also compare the frequency of each of the fields in comparison with one another.


To Do: Find Alternative (?)
N on either side off because Sankey flow charts originate from energy sciences where energy can’t increase without external addition. Maybe visualizations of data flow charts. They should have the same problem because the same information can to multiple targets.

Figure 21: Sankey graph showing the individual field frequencies and their combined composition in the journal codes.

Empirical: Disciplines

To summarize the articles further we then classified the field combinations into superordinate discipline codes. These discipline codes are based in part on U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP), the U.K. Higher Education Statistics Agency Joint Academic Coding System (JACS 3.0), the Australian Bureau of Statistics’ Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification (ANZSRC 2020), as well as the Fields of Knowledge Map from the ‘Things Made Thinkable’ initiative.

Coding

In a first step we used the highest categories available (Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities, Professions and Applied Sciences, Natural Sciences, Formal Sciences, and Multidisciplinary) to summarize the fields. The Scimago database included some superordinate discipline codes (i.e., Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities) so we used these if a single discipline code was chosen by a journal. We then recoded the fields that did not have a superordinate discipline code or had multiple (see Table 21, for the disciplines associated to each field combination).

Table 21: Coding Schema for Disciplines (Version #1)
Fields Discipline #1
Business, Management and Accounting; Environmental Science; Social Sciences Social Sciences
Business, Management and Accounting; Psychology; Social Sciences Social Sciences
Business, Management and Accounting; Social Sciences Social Sciences
Health Professions; Social Sciences Social Sciences
Medicine; Nursing; Psychology; Social Sciences Social Sciences
Medicine; Nursing; Social Sciences Social Sciences
Medicine; Psychology; Social Sciences Social Sciences
Medicine; Social Sciences Social Sciences
Neuroscience; Psychology; Social Sciences Social Sciences
Nursing; Social Sciences Social Sciences
Psychology Social Sciences
Psychology; Social Sciences Social Sciences
Social Sciences Social Sciences
Arts and Humanities; Medicine; Psychology Arts and Humanities
Arts and Humanities; Psychology Arts and Humanities
Business, Management and Accounting Professions and Applied Sciences
Medicine Professions and Applied Sciences
Medicine; Neuroscience Professions and Applied Sciences
Medicine; Nursing Professions and Applied Sciences
Nursing Professions and Applied Sciences
Arts and Humanities; Medicine; Social Sciences Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
Arts and Humanities; Psychology; Social Sciences Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
Arts and Humanities; Social Sciences Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology; Medicine; Psychology Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
Business, Management and Accounting; Decision Sciences; Psychology Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
Medicine; Psychology Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
Multidisciplinary Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary

To Do: Sankey here
This one works for Sankey diagram.

Categorization in this – highest order – manner led to the following subgroup frequencies (see Table 22):

Table 22: Discipline Frequency (Version #1)
Discipline #1 Frequency
Social Sciences 241
Professions and Applied Sciences 118
Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary 45
Arts and Humanities 21

This higher-order discipline-coding had two major concerns. Firstly, the category of ‘Social Sciences’ was too large and heterogeneous and secondly, the medical and health related fields were not sufficiently distinguished from the other categories (i.e., either as part of ‘Social Sciences’ or ‘Applied Sciences’). We, therefore, created a second discipline coding breaking the ‘Social Sciences’ and ‘Applied Sciences’ categories into major fields (psychology; business; medicine, nursing, & health). We retained the possibility of miscellaneous social sciences, arts and humanities, as well as multidisciplinary field codes (see Table 23, for the discipline codes associated with each fields code).

Table 23: Coding Schema for Disciplines (Version #2)
Fields Discipline #2
Arts and Humanities; Psychology Psychology
Arts and Humanities; Psychology; Social Sciences Psychology
Psychology Psychology
Psychology; Social Sciences Psychology
Neuroscience; Psychology; Social Sciences Psychology
Arts and Humanities; Medicine; Social Sciences Medicine, Nursing, & Health
Health Professions; Social Sciences Medicine, Nursing, & Health
Medicine Medicine, Nursing, & Health
Medicine; Neuroscience Medicine, Nursing, & Health
Medicine; Nursing Medicine, Nursing, & Health
Medicine; Nursing; Social Sciences Medicine, Nursing, & Health
Medicine; Social Sciences Medicine, Nursing, & Health
Nursing Medicine, Nursing, & Health
Nursing; Social Sciences Medicine, Nursing, & Health
Business, Management and Accounting Business
Business, Management and Accounting; Environmental Science; Social Sciences Business
Business, Management and Accounting; Social Sciences Business
Social Sciences Social Sciences (miscellaneous)
Arts and Humanities; Medicine; Psychology Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
Arts and Humanities; Social Sciences Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology; Medicine; Psychology Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
Business, Management and Accounting; Decision Sciences; Psychology Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
Business, Management and Accounting; Psychology; Social Sciences Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
Medicine; Psychology Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
Medicine; Psychology; Social Sciences Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
Medicine; Nursing; Psychology; Social Sciences Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
Multidisciplinary Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary

Re-categorization led to the following subgroup frequencies (see Table 24):

Table 24: Discipline Frequency (Version #2)
Discipline #2 Frequency
Medicine, Nursing, & Health 146
Psychology 131
Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary 103
Social Sciences (miscellaneous) 34
Business 11

Given the small number of ‘Business’ journals we reclassified these into the ‘Social Sciences (miscellaneous)’ category (see Table 25).

Table 25: Discipline Frequency Ajusted
Discipline #2 (adjusted) Frequency
Medicine, Nursing, & Health 146
Psychology 131
Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary 103
Social Sciences (miscellaneous) 45

This coding resulted in 4 relatively well-balanced categories with non of the fields having too few observations. In the following sections we use these discipline codes to assess some general differences in assessing and addressing acculturation.

Acculturation Terms

We first assess which terms the different disciplines use most frequently to describe the cultural adaptation process. We list the main terms the authors used in their paper to refer to cultural adaptation in Table 26.

Table 26: Terms used per discipline
Term Psychology Medicine, Nursing, & Health Social Sciences (miscellaneous) Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
acculturation 94 125 24 58
acculturation attitudes 5 4
adjustment 3 2 1
assimilation 3 3 5 6
ethnic identity 3
integration 3 4 7 5
acculturation orientation 2 1
acculturation preferences 2 1
aculturative stress 2 3
emotional acculturation 2
psychological adjustment 2 1 1 1
social integration 2 3 2 4
sociocultural adjustment 2 4
acculturation patterns 1 1
acculturative orientation 1
adaptation 1 1 1 3
cultural identity change 1
migration 1
sociocultural adaptation 1
acculturation and enculturation 1
acculturation strategies 2 2
acculturative adjustment 1
americanization 1
cross-cultural adaptation 1
cross-cultural adjustment 1
cultural adaptation 1
cultural identification 1
cultural orientation 1
cultural transition 1
cultural transmission 1
culturing 1
economic integration 1
immigation success 1
intercultural adjustment 1
linguistic acculturation 1
mental health 1
national identity 1
psychological and sociocultural adjustment 1
psychological flourishing 1

Data Collection Methods

We then compare the data collection methods most frequently used by the authors in the different disciplines (see Table 27 and Figure 22).

Table 27: Method used per discipline
Method Psychology Medicine, Nursing, & Health Social Sciences (miscellaneous) Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
quantitative 123 128 38 97
mixed method 3 10 4 5
qualitative 3 8 3 1
review 2
Stacked bar chart of data collection method by discipline.

Figure 22: Stacked bar chart of data collection method by discipline.

Measures

We also assessed the use of different validated and novel measures used by authors in the various disciplines (see Table 28). Note, again, that a majority of the measurements are not previously standardized and are not shared across articles and disciplines.

Table 28: Measure used per discipline
Measure Psychology Medicine, Nursing, & Health Social Sciences (miscellaneous) Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
vancouver index of acculturation (via; ryder et al., 2000) 5 1 2 4
abbreviated multidimensional acculturation scale 3 1
acculturation attitudes (arends-tóth & van de vijver, 2007) 3 1
acculturation attitudes scale 3 2
acculturation orientation/acculturation strategy 3 3 1 2
bicultural involvement questionnaire 3 2
brief acculturation rating scale for mexican americans–ii (arsma ii- sf) 3 2 1
emotional acculturation 3
language, identity, and behavioral acculturation scale 3 1 6
relative acculturation extended model scale (real and ideal acculturation strategies and attitudes [raem]) 3 2
vancouver index of acculturation 3 3 3
acculturation attitudes (icsey) 2
acculturation preferences 2
acculturation strategies scale (modified; kosic, 1998) 2
assimilation scale 2
general acculturation attitudes 2
identity subscale from language, identity, and behavioral acculturation scale 2
abbreviated multidimensional acculturation scale (amas) 1 1
abbreviated multidimensional acculturation scale (amas); multigroup ethnic identity measure (meim) 1
abbreviated multidimensional acculturation scale (amas); social connectedness in mainstream society (scmn) scale; and social connectedness in the ethnic community (sceth) scale 1
acculturation attitude scale (aas-16); sociocultural adjustment scale - revised (scas-r) 1
acculturation attitude scale (sam, 1995) 1 1
acculturation attitudes 1
acculturation attitudes (icsey) [assimilation subscale] 1 1
acculturation index (ai; ward & kennedy, 1994) 1
acculturation intergenerational conflict scale (aic) 1
acculturation orientation (based on horenczyk, 1996, 2000) 1
acculturation orientation (demes, & geeraert, 2014) 1
acculturation preference [unclear], intergroup contact [unclear] 1
acculturation preferences [own] 1
acculturation rating scale for mexican-americans - revised (arsma-ii) 1 5 1 1
acculturation scale for vietnamese adolescents (asva) 1
acculturation strategies (mancini, & bottura, 2014); acculturation attitudes (mancini, & bottura, 2014) 1 1
acculturative stress, subjective well-being, flourishing 1
adapted acculturation scale for vietnamese adolescents (asva) 1
adapted cultual adaptation korean elderly 1
adapted soviet acculturation measure (sam-ii) 1
adopted language, identity, and behavioral acculturation scale 1 1
adult acculturation and resiliency scale 1
anticipated socio-cultural adaptation scale 1
asian american multidimensional acculturation scale (aamas; chung, kim, & abreu, 2004) 1 1
assimilation attitude [own] 1
attitudes towards minority culture maintenance and inter-ethnic contact scale 1
behavioral and psychological acculturation 1
bicultural involvement and adjustment scale 1
bicultural stress scale 1
bidimensional acculturation scale for hispanics 1 2
brief sense of community scale (bscs-8); indicators of acculturation domains (raem) 1
cultural identification [own], adapted vancouver index of acculturation (via; ryder et al., 2000) 1
cultural identity, feeling at home, well-being, perception of host society’s attitudes and policies toward them 1
cultural lifestyle inventory 1
cultural maintenance and adoptation 1
demands of immigration scale 1
dutch psychological acculturation scale, language use [own] 1
emotional fit with the typical majority patterns of emotion [own] 1
ethnic identification, language proficiency 1
ethnic identity [own] 1
ethnic identity questionnaire 1
european-american values scale for asian-americans - revised & asian-american values scale - revised 1
ghanaian acculturation survey (gas) 1
host community acculturation scale & immigrant acculturation scale 1
identification [own] 1 1 1
identification; identity; behavior; islamic beliefs; social network; cultural norms; language use, choice, and preference; attiudes towards turkish language 1
identitiy [own] 1
identity style inventory cultural transition 1 1
immigrant identity questionnaire (iiq) 1
integration well-being scale (amit, litwin) 1
intercultural strategies (assimilation, integration) 1
iranian acculturation scale 1 1
japanese american acculturation scale 1
language proficiency 1 1 2
language proficiency (icsey); cultural identity (icsey); acculturation behaviors - peer contacts & activities (icsey) 1
language proficiency [own] 1 2
language use [own] 1 10 1 2
language, number of years in new country, identity 1
mace’s (2004) acculturation index 1
minority and majority group contact (sim) 1
modified acculturation strategies and attitudes questionnaire, immigrants’ version 1
motivation for cultural maintenance (mcm); motivation for cultural exploration (mce) 1
multicultural ideology scale 1
multidimensional acculturative stress inventory 1
multidimensional measure of cultural identity scales for latinos and latinas 1
multigroup ethnic identity measure 1 1
multigroup ethnic identity measure–revised 1
mutual intercultural relations in plural societies - acculturation attitudes scale 1 1
mutual intercultural relations in plural societies - acculturation attitudes scale; sociocultural adaptation scale 1
number of initial pleasant experiences, percentage of initial experiences which were unpleasant, number of’ problems encountered upon arrival, satisfaction with friends, satisfaction with job, satisfaction with school, satisfaction with recreation, task competence, interpersonal comfort, recent symptoms, chronic symptoms, cultural competence (english vocabulary, number series, knowledge of australian slang, knowledge of australian culture - geography, history, politics, and celebrities) 1
participation and identification 1
perez ambiguous loss of homeland scale (palh) 1
psychological acculturation scale (tropp et al., 1999) 1 1
psychological adaptation, socio-cultural adjustment scale, economic adaptation 1
self-esteem, life satisfaction, subjective happiness, depression (reversed), anxiety (reversed), loneliness (reversed) 1
social integration in the community scale (from pcsq) 1
social participation [language use - own]; vancouver index of acculturation (via; ryder et al., 2000) 1
socio-cultural adaptation scale (29-item) 1
sociocultural adaptation scale (lsype) 1
stephenson multigroup acculturation scale 1 4
strategies of acculturation scale 1
suinn-lew asian self identity acculturation scale 1 2 1
symptom checklist-90-revised scale, satisfaction with live scale, riverside acculturation stress inventory, bicultural identity integration scale 1
vancouver index of acculturation (via; ryder et al., 2000); self-esteem, subjective well-being; life satisfaction 1
2 measures - attitudes (intrinsic) & extrinsic cultural traits 1
abbreviated acculturation modes for koreans (lee, sobal, and frongillo, 2003) 1
abridged general ethnicity questionnaire—american and chinese version 1
abridged general ethnicity questionnaire—american version (geqa) 1
acceptance of american cultural values; affinity for korean cultural identity 1
accultuation orientation (arends-tóth & van de vijver, 2004) 1
acculturation attitude scale (berry, 1989) 1
acculturation attitude scale (kim, 1988) 1
acculturation in australia 1
acculturation index 1 1
acculturation index (ai; ward & kennedy, 1994); identification 1
acculturation index (nesarc) 1
acculturation indicators (needham, et al., 2017) 1
acculturation rating scale for mexican americans-ii 3
acculturation rating scale for mexican americans-ii (language sub-scale) 1
acculturation rating scale for mexican-americans - revised (arsma-ii); mexican american cultural values scale (macvs) 1
acculturation scale (acc) 1
acculturation scale (cheung, 1995) 1
acculturation scale for southeast asians 1
acculturation scale for vietnamese adolescents (asva); multigroup ethnic identity measure 1
acculturation, habits and interests multicultural scale for adolescents (ahimsa) 2
acculturative dissonance (ad) 1
adapted acculturation rating scale for mexican-americans-ii (arsma-ii) (schaefer, et al., 2009) 1
adapted biculturalism scale (nagaraj, vyas, mcdonnell, dipietro) 1
adapted bidimensional acculturation scale for hispanics 1 1
adapted ethnic/cultural identity dimensions scale (eid scale) 1
adapted general ethnicity questionnaire 1
adapted hazuda scale 1
adapted measurement of acculturation strategies for people of african descent (maspad) - uk 1
adapted short acculturation scale for hispanics (marin, sabogal, marin, otero-sabogal, & perez-stable, 1987) 1
adjustment experience [own] 1
adjustments to u.s. national culture 1
affective adjustment 1
african american acculturation scale revised (klonoff & landrine, 2000) 1
american and puerto rican cultural involvement scales 2
asian indian dietary acculturation measure (aidam) 1
assimilation to french culture 1
attitudes toward homosexuality (ess) 1
attitudes towards majority culture, identification 1
background information, heritage culture maintenance, mobility strategies and personal ability, perceived justice, self-perceptions, community contacts 1
behavior subscale from language, identity, and behavioral acculturation scale 1
behavioral acculturation scale 1 1
belonging, cultural memory (identity and difference cultural), empathy and reciprocity, perfection of speech, adaption 1
bicultural identification 1
bicultural involvement questionnaire; acculturation rating scale for mexican-americans - revised (arsma-ii) 1
bicultural youth acculturation questionnaire 1
bidimensional acculturation scale 1 1
bidimensional acculturation scale for marriage-based immigrants (basmbi) 1
bidimensional model of acculturation for korean american older adults 1
brief acculturation rating scale for mexican americans 1
chis acculturation score 2
coging strategies, contacts, friendship, belonging 1
contentment and gratitude, a strong family concept, the concept of `face’, an urge for knowledge, a sense of crisis, faith in life, and the identity of a marginal man [own} 1
cultual adaptation korean elderly 2
cultural adaptation (jeong, & kim, 2016) 1
cultural adherence 1
cultural familiarity [own] 1
cultural identification 1
cultural orientation, interaction 1
cultural practice, and social networks 1
culture-transmission motive; cultural identity and biculturality 1
degree of difficulty in dealing with practical, social, and interpersonal communication problems 1
east asian acculturation measure 1 1
economic success, psychological well-being (sense of belonging, life satisfaction) 1
educational achievement [own], job prestige [own], income [own], generation [own] 1
employed [own] 1
employment status [own], diverse friends network outside ethnic community [own], association membership [own], ability to overcome difficulties [own], desire to remain [own] 1
ethnic label [own] 1
ethnic/cultural identity salience questionnaire 1
ethnocultural identity behavior index 1
expatriate cross-cultural adjustment scale 1
food similarity index (fsi) 1
food similarity index (fsi), mexican food [own] 1
frankfurt acculturation scale 1
frankfurt acculturation scale (frakk) 1
general acculturation index (gai) 1
geriatric depression scale - 30 1
global acculturation index 1
hazuda scale [language use only] 1
host communication competence, host interpersonal communication, psychological health, functional fitness 1
immigrant acculturation scale 3 1
immigration policy lab (ipl) integration index 1
integration effort 1
intention to return home, agreement with native values & political identification 1
interactions [own] 1
intercultural adjustment potential scale (icaps) 1
interethnic contact 1
interview language 1
inventory of student adjustment, sociocultural adjustment scale, australian cultural knowledge (ack) questionnaire, cultural identiy subscale of collective self-esteem scale 1
italian-canadian acculturation scale (kim, laroche, & tomiuk, 2001) 1
korean version of the acculturation rating scale for mexican americans-ii 1
language 1
language acquisition, dual national identity, realised expectations 1
language barriers, and getting used to life in australia 1
language difficulties, social support, economic situation, prejudice 1
language fluency, prior employment 1
language proficiency [own], ethnic identification 1
language proficiency [own], identification [own], acculturation desire [own], marriage values [own], children ideals [own] 1
language proficiency [own], language use [own] 1 1 1
language proficiency [own], time of residence [own], media consumption [own], national visitors [own] 1
language proficiency [own]; language use [own] 2
language proficiency and length of residence 1
language proficiency, and cultural identity 1
language proficiency, language use, preferred language, food preferences, ethnicity of social contacts 1
language proficiency, languages use, preferred languages for media, food preference, ethnicity of close friends 1
language proficiency, length of residency, utilization of societal resources etc. 1
language proficiency, personal preference, social affiliation, lifestyle, and attachment to values and traditions 1
language proficiency, social support, cultural distance, contact 1
language skills [own], work status [own], ethnic identity [own] 1
language use 1
language use [own], community event participation [own] 1
language use [own], language preference media consumption [own] 1
language use, length of stay, friendship composition, generation, percentage of native-born persons in the respondent’s neighborhood, and percentage of non-coethnics in the respondent’s neighborhood [own] 1
language use, media behavior, social customs, social contacts, cultural identity, generational status 1
lanuage preference [own] 1
learning language, navigation, regulations 1
leisure participation 1
level of acculturation to korean life 1
life satisfaction index a 1
locus of control, giving and receiving, individualism-collectivism, 1
lowlands acculturation scale 3
marital assimilation [own] 1 1
mental health continuum short form (mhc-sf) 1
migrant integration indexes (lindstorm, 2019) 1
modified lowlands acculturation scale 1
modified suinn-lew asian self-identity acculturation scale 1
multicultural acculturation questionnaire 1
multidimensional acculturative stress scale 2
multigroup ethnic identity measure revised 1 1
multigroup ethnic identity measure; acculturation attitudes (arends-tóth & van de vijver, 2007) 1
national identification [own] 1
national identity 1
palmer et al.’s 2007 acculturation scale 1
perfectionism, coping, problem solving, acculturation stress, self-esteem, distress, language proficiency, social support 1
pooyan behavioral scale 1
primary language [own], cultural fluency [own], cultural orientation [own] 1
proportion of native friends, feelings of inclusion, satisfaction with employment, accommodation, and life 1
proxy acculturation scale (pas-3 and pas-4) 5
proxy acculturation scale (pas-3) 2
psychological acculturation scale 1
psychological acculturation scale, massachusetts hispanic elderly study acculturation scale 1
psychological well-being questionnaire, emotional state questionnaire, satisfaction level questionnaire, 90-symptom checklist 1
reactions to assimilation expectations 1
relative acculturation extended model scale (real and ideal acculturation strategies and attitudes) 1
revised haitian acculturation scale 1
satisfaction with migration life scale 1
self-reported life satisfaction 1
sense of belinging [own], language use [own], social network [own] 1
short acculturation scale (marin, sabogal, marin, otero-sabogal, & perez-stable, 1987) 1
short acculturation scale for filipino americans 1
short acculturation scale for hispanics 3
short acculturation scale for hispanics (marin, sabogal, marin, otero-sabogal, & perez-stable, 1987) 7
social adaptation structured interview, social adjustment questionnaire 1
social contacts [own] 1
social integration 1
social integration index (dalgard, & thapa, 2007) 1
social markers of acculturation 1
social readjustment rating scale 1
social support list - interactions scale 1
socio-cultural adaptation scale 1
sociocultural adaptation - school adjustment (icsey); psychological adaptation - life satisfaction (icsey); psychological adaptation - self esteem (icsey); psychological adaptation - psychological problems (icsey); sociocultural adaptation - behavior problems (icsey) 1
sociocultural difficulties (unclear origin) 1
speaking english at home [own] 1 1
spheres of sociocultural adjustment 1
structured interview 1
suinn-lew asian self-identity accultururation scale (sl-asia) 2
survey language [own] 1
time in country, maintanance hertiage culture, adaptation host culture, social support migrant community, social support host community 1
trust [own], civic engagment measure 1
van manen’s approach to phenomenology 1
virgin island acculturation scale (tull, ambrose, & chambers, 2003) 1
working hours [own] 1
NA 1

To Do!
It seems as if there are still some inconsistencies and spelling problems in the terms and measures.

Interest over time

As with the overall developments we also assessed the publication developments within the individual disciplines. Article ublication developments over time should indicate empirical interest in the topic of acculturation in the disciplines over time. We offer a global, developmental overview of the fields in Figure 23, as well as a visualization that further distinguishes between data collection types within the fields (see Figure 24).

Figure 23: Histogram of the publication year for all included results.

Figure 24: Density plot of the yearly publication frequency for by data collection method.

Sample

To gain a deeper understanding of the study setups in the empirical studies we coded the type of sample recruited within each of the disciplines (see Figure 25).

Bar graph of the study samples used in the empirical studies. Note: general = any migrant from specified country (no targeting).

Figure 25: Bar graph of the study samples used in the empirical studies. Note: general = any migrant from specified country (no targeting).

Again the category general refers to a sampling strategy in which any consenting adult would be able to participate in the study.
Beyond the sample group itself we also coded which time point in the migration process was targeted within each discipline. Table 29 showcases that an overwhelming majority of studies targets migrants only after they had left their country of origin.

Table 29: Migration time per discipline
MigrationTime Psychology Medicine, Nursing, & Health Social Sciences (miscellaneous) Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
post 128 142 44 99
pre & post 2 4 3
potential 1 1


Similarly, only a minority of studies included data on the acculturation process from the majority and migrant perspective jointly. And there is a stark contrast between the disciplines in how many of the total papers included the majority group (see Table 30).

Table 30: Includes Majority per discipline
Includes Majority Psychology Medicine, Nursing, & Health Social Sciences (miscellaneous) Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
no 109 126 40 82
yes 22 20 4 21

Dimensions

Again, a major focus of our coding was the role of affect, behavior, cognition, and desires in the each of the disciplines. Figure 26 shows how often each of the four dimensions was coded in each of the disciplines. Note that in order better compare the disciplines we output percentages in most of the figures of this section.

Bar graph of the counts for each of the dimensions across all included empirical works.

Figure 26: Bar graph of the counts for each of the dimensions across all included empirical works.

Again, we also plot how often each of the dimensions were measured together. A bar graph of the compound frequencies in each discipline is shown Figure 27 and parallel coordinates graph is shown in Figure ??. Interestingly, there are certain dimensions and dimension combinations that are missing in some of the disciplines. There was, for example, not a single article in the psychological discipline that only measured behavioral acculturation a dimension that was important in all other disciplines.

Bar graph of the counts for each of the dimension combinations.

Figure 27: Bar graph of the counts for each of the dimension combinations.


To Do: Alternative needed (?)
Parallel coordinates plot is frequently recommended in the literature of multidimensional visualizations but does not paint a clear picture here - in my opinion. Look for alternative.

Domains

We also, again, coded which life domains the acculturation measures referred to within each of the disciplines. Again, these were life domains referred to either as part of subscale labels, factor labels, explicit commentary of the authors, or clear question wordings (see Table 31 and Figure 28).

Table 31: Scale Domains used per discipline
Domain Psychology Medicine, Nursing, & Health Social Sciences (miscellaneous) Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
N/A 71 95 31 46
general 33 22 6 26
Private domain (celebrations, eating food, child-rearing practices, cultural habits, cultural way oflife, self-reported cultural identity, and attributed cultural identity as seen by the respondent). Public domain (social contacts, friends at school, speaking the language, reading the language, education and courses, teachers, news and information, and reading newspapers). 3 1
cultural traditions, language, marriage, social activities, friends 2 1
stress (neg.) 2 1 2
values 2
work, economic, social relations, family relations, religion, and ways of thinking 2 2
adaptation 1
clothing, pace of life, general knowledge, food, religious beliefs, material comfort, recreational activities, self-identity, family life, accommodation/residence, values, friendships, communication styles, cultural activities, language, employment activities, perceptions of co-nationals, perceptions of host nationals, political ideology, worldview, social customs 1
cognitive information processing 1 1
cross-cultural contact and culture maintenance 1
emotional belonging 1
growth (pos.) 1
identification 1 1
identity 1 1 1
langauge, number of years in new country, identity 1
language skills, work, intercultural relations, discrimination, cultural/ethnic makeup of the community, identity, and well being 1
language use, extrafamilial language use, social affiliation, cultural familiarity, and cultural identification and pride 1
language, friendship, culture 1
language, interaction, media, food 1 2
loss, novelty, adaptation to work, adaptation to language, discrimination, and not feeling at home 1
personal and social adjustment 1 1
psychological, socio-cultural, economic 1
? 1
contact, upbringing, language, culture, education 1
cultural identiy, language, cultural knowledge, food consumption 1
cultural practice, and social networks 1
Current socio-economic status, host culture, host identification, Affinity to hertitage culture, Housing, Social relations, Children’s schooling, Psychological integration, Basic language proficiency, Political integration, Preservation of socio-economic status, Adopting host life style 1
degree of difficulty in dealing with practical, social, and interpersonal communication problems 1
depression 2
Emotional regulation, Openness, Flexibility, Creativity 1
extrinsic and intrinsic cultural traits 1
foods, music, customs, language, close friends 1
friendship, children, cultural activity, media consumption, living in the neighbourhood 1
government responsibility; holiday celebrations; economic principles; child rearing practices; social customs; and sporting 1
integration strategies 1
intention to return home, values, politics 1
language choice, identity, friendship choice, acculturative behaviours, generation/geographic background, and attitudes 1
language difficulties, social support, economic situation, prejudice 1
language use 4 1
language use, customs, cultural value, perceived discrimination, sociability 1
language use, mass media exposure, social interactions, identification, attachment 1
language use, social contact 4
language, affiliation, general 1
language, behaviors, social relations, sense of belonging, familiarity 1
language, contact, social support, cultural distance 1
language, employment 1
language, food, friends, customs 1
language, holidays, friends 1
language, media consumption, food consumption, social relations, sense of belonging, and familiarity with culture 1 1
language, religion, alienation and belonging, traditions, customs, media, clothing, living conditions 1
languages, food, close friends 1
leisure 1
life changes 1
life satisfaction 1
practical, social and interpersonal communication problems 1
psychological and sociocultural adjustment 1
psychological, economic, political, social, linguistic, and navigational 1
Social, residential, personal 1
sociocultural adaptation 1
success 1
tradition 1
vocational stress 1
Wordcloud of the scale domains in empirical results.

Figure 28: Wordcloud of the scale domains in empirical results.

Focus of the Paper

For the empirical works we also coded the main focus of the papers in each of the disciplines. The wordclouds of the topics within each discipline illustrate that the different disciplines also focus on different topics related to cultural adaptation (see Figure 29).

Wordcloud of the article foci in the empirical results.

Figure 29: Wordcloud of the article foci in the empirical results.

Countries

Similar to our overall overview we also assessed whether different disciplines relied on different migrant regions or host countries. Again, we coded both the migrants’ country of origin as well as the country of the receiving society, in which the study was conducted for each discipline (see Table 32).

Table 32: Migration time per discipline
Country Psychology Medicine, Nursing, & Health Social Sciences (miscellaneous) Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
Host
United States 36 100 24 43
Australia 13 6 2 8
any 9 4 2 6
Canada 9 4 4 13
Germany 8 4 2 3
Spain 8 1 6
Israel 7 2 2 4
Italy 7 1 3
Netherlands 7 7 1 3
New Zealand 5 1 1 2
Russia 5 1
Belgium 4
Switzerland 4 1
Canda 3 1 1
Greece 3 5 2
Portugal 3
The Netherlands 3 2 1
United Kingdom 3 1 1
Finnland 2 1
France 2 3
Hong Kong 2 1 2 1
Belgian 1
Britain 1 1 2
Finland 1 1
Latvia 1
Mauritius 1
N/A 1
Scotland 1
Austria 1
Chile 1
China 1
Crete 1
Europe 2
Israel; Germany 1
Korea 4 1
Northern Ireland 1
Norway 2 2
Saudi Arabia 1
Singapore 1
South Africa 1
South Korea 1
Sweden 1 1
Taiwan 2
Thailand 2
Turkey 1
UK 1
Unites States 1
Unitest States 1
Virgin Islands 1
Origin
any 36 23 15 25
China 11 15 6 8
Soviet Union 10 2 2 4
former Soviet Union 8 2 1 2
Korea 8 15 3 4
Latinx 6 1 1
Russia 6 1 1 6
LatinX 5 20 5 10
Marocco 5 1 3
Turkey 5 5 1 3
Africa 4 1 1 5
Romania 4 1
Ethiopia 3
India 3 4 1 2
Japan 3 1 1 1
Poland 3 1 1
Vietnam 3 9 4
Albania 2 1
Croatia 2
Czechoslovacia 2
Ghana 2 1
Hispanic 2 4
Iran 2 1 2
Mexico 2 14 2 4
North Africa 2 2
Sri Lanka 2 1 1
Sudan 2
Syria 2 1 1
Taiwan 2
Tajikistan 2
Uzbekistan 2
Asia 1 14 2 7
Cambodia 1 3 1
Caribbeans 1
Congo 1
Dominican Republic 1 1
Ecuador 1 1 1
Ecuadorian 1
Equador 1 1
Eritrea 1 1
Former Soviet Union 1 1 1
Former Soviet Union Jews 1
former USSR 1
Hispanics 1 1
Hong Kong 1 1
Iraq 1 2
Kazakhstan 1
Kyrgyzstan 1
Latin America 1
Malaysia 1 1
Moroccan 1
Myanmar 1 1
N/A 1
New Zealand 1
Pakistan 1 2 2
Pakistani 1
People’s Republic of China 1
Phillipines 1 1
Portugal 1 1
Romanian 1
Somalia 1 3 1 3
South Asia 1 2 1
South Korea 1
Sub-Saharan Africa 1 2
Tunesia 1
Turkmenistan 1
Ukraine 1
Yugoslavia 1 1
“visibly different” immigrants 1
Afghanistan 1
African 1 1
African Cribbean 1
Afro-Colombian 1
Arab 1 1
Asian 2 1
Asian Indian 1
Australasia 1
Bosnia 1 3
Brazil 1
Britain 1
Central America 1
Colombia 1 1
Cuba 1
East Asian 1
Ethopia 1
Finland 1
former Yugoslavia 1
Haiti 1
Hmong 1 2
Hungary 1
Indonesia 1
Israel 1 1
Italy 1
Jamaica 1
Jordan 1
Kurdistan 1
Laos 2 1
Latina 2
Latinas 1
Lebanon 1
Many 1
Mexican 1
Middle East 1
Morocco 1
multiple 1
Muslims 1 1
Nepal 1
Nigeria 1 2
non-western 1
North Korea 1
Palestine 1
Philippines 2
Pontic Greeks 1
Puerto Rico 2
Russia (CIS)
Senegal 1
Southeast Asia 2 1
spanish speaking 1
sub-Saharan Africa 1
Surinam 1
West Africa 1

Analysis

Finally, we also coded what kind of analyses the authors conducted with the acculturation measurements in each of the fields (see Table 33).

Table 33: Analyses used per discipline
Analysis Psychology Medicine, Nursing, & Health Social Sciences (miscellaneous) Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
regression (incl. PROCESS) 62 101 22 48
SEM 20 4 4 11
mean difference 13 12 6 11
correlation 9 8 3 6
validation 7 7 2 10
longitudinal (dynamic) 6 4 6
descriptive (static) 5 5 1 2
cluster 2 1 3
lagged regression 2 1
dynamic 1
lagged (dynamic) 1 1
N/A 1 2
Social Network Analysis 1
static 1
content analysis 2 2 2
participant selection 1 1
path analysis 1
phenomenological praxis 1

Additionally, we coded where in the model the acculturation measure was placed most frequently in each of the disciplines (see Table 34).

Table 34: Variable Type of Acculturation Measure per discipline
Variable Type Psychology Medicine, Nursing, & Health Social Sciences (miscellaneous) Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary
Predictor 61 110 19 44
Dependent 41 19 17 39
Predictor & Dependent 13 3 3 5
Correlation 7 9 3 5
Mediator 7 1 1 4
Moderator 1 1 3
N/A 1 2 1
Control 1
selection criterion 1 1
validation; Predictor 1

Discussion

To be written.

Notes

To Do:

  • Visualize migration patterns on map (from area to area; problem: meaningfully convert regions to countries)
  • Visualize ABCD co-occurrences meaningfully (alternative for network and parallel coordinates plots)
  • Fix Sankey illustration
  • Potentially: It would be cool to use topic modeling (machine learning) to relate the Journal keywords to the domains and dimensions. For example, using Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA).


References

Arends-Tóth, J., & Vijver, F. J. R. van de. (2007). Acculturation Attitudes: A Comparison of Measurement Methods. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(7), 1462–1488. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00222.x
Celenk, O., & Van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2011). Assessment of Acculturation: Issues and Overview of Measures. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 8(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1105
Maestas, M. V. (2000). Acculturation and ethnic identity measures for Latinos and Asian Americans: Analyses of methodology and psychometrics [PhD thesis]. University of Nebraska - Lincoln.
Matsudaira, T. (2006). Measures of Psychological Acculturation: A Review. Transcultural Psychiatry, 43(3), 462–487. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461506066989
Wallace, P. M., Pomery, E. A., Latimer, A. E., Martinez, J. L., & Salovey, P. (2010). A Review of Acculturation Measures and Their Utility in Studies Promoting Latino Health. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 32(1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986309352341
Zane, N., & Mak, W. (2004). Major approaches to the measurement of acculturation among ethnic minority populations: A content analysis and an alternative empirical strategy. In K. M. Chun, P. B. Organista, & G. Marín (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research. (pp. 39–60). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10472-005