Integration of Migrants
Annotated Analysis
Jannis Kreienkamp1
1University of Groningen
Last updated: 27 February, 2021
Note. Boxplots display the interquartile range (IQR, center box), and the whiskers extend 1.5*IQR from the lower and upper hinge. The white point indicates the mean and the white center line indicates the median.
Data Preparation
Import Data
In a first step we import the raw data of the review from the shared coding Google Sheet. We, primarily, import the database of the scale validations and the review of the empirical papers. Beyond that we also import the separate lists of codes used.
Prepare Data Frames
We then go on to clean the data sets in order to use them in later analyses and keep track of exclusion filters.
Analysis
Scale Validations
The first data set we assess is a database of scale validations. We bring together the scales suggested in previous reviews as well as validation studies we identified in our own review. Throughout our literature review we found five major reviews that reviewed the measurement of acculturation (Celenk & Van de Vijver, 2011; Maestas, 2000; Matsudaira, 2006; Wallace et al., 2010; Zane & Mak, 2004).
Exclusions
Taken together these five reviews collected a total of 96 scales. From our own review we added 147 additional validation studies. ]. Of these scales we ultimately had to exclude 23, because they were either not accessible or did not fit the the topic of our review (see Table 1).
| Exclusion Reason | Frequency |
|---|---|
| items not accessible | 15 |
| paper not accessible | 4 |
| chapter not accessible | 1 |
| not acculturation | 1 |
| not measured | 1 |
| thesis not accessible | 1 |
The remaining 215 scales are listed in Table 2.
| Scale | CitationKey | Source a | Affect | Behavior | Cognition | Desire | Sample | IncludesMajority | HostCountry | OriginCountry |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abbreviated Multidimensional Acculturation Scale (AMAS) | Zea2003 | CEL; MAT; WAL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | Latinx |
| Acculturation and Nutrition Needs Assessment | Fitzgerald2006 | WAL | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Acculturation Attitude Scale (Safdar, Struthers, & van Oudenhoven, 2009) | Safdar2009 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America, Netherlands, United Kingdom | Iran |
| Acculturation Attitude Scale (Sam, 1995) | Sam1995a | OWN | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | youth | 0 | Third World | NA |
| acculturation attitudes - one statement (Arends-Tóth & van de Vijver, 2007) | Arends-Toth2007 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | Netherlands | Turkey |
| acculturation attitudes - two statements (Arends-Tóth & van de Vijver, 2007) | Arends-Toth2007 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | Netherlands | Turkey |
| acculturation attitudes - four statements (Arends-Tóth & van de Vijver, 2007) | Arends-Toth2007 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | Netherlands | Turkey |
| Mutual Intercultural Relations in Plural Societies - Acculturation Attitudes Scale (MIRIPS) | Berry2010 | CEL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | 1 | multiple | multiple |
| Acculturation Attitudes Scale (Sam & Berry, 1995) | Sam1995 | CEL; MAT | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | youth | 0 | Norway | Third World |
| Acculturation Index (AI; Ward & Kennedy, 1994) | Ward1994 | MAT | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | multiple | New Zealand |
| Acculturation Index (Ward, & Rana-Deuba, 1999) | Ward1999 | CEL | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | Nepal | any |
| Acculturation Orientation (based on Horenczyk, 1996, 2000) | Ben-Shalom2003 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | soldiers | 0 | Israel | former Soviet Union |
| Acculturation Questionnaire for Children | VanDeVijver1999 | MAT | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | youth | 0 | Netherlands | any |
| Acculturation Rating Scale for Arab-American-II | Jadalla2015 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | Arabic Countries |
| Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans | Cuellar1980 | CEL; MAE; MAT; WAL; ZAN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | clinical | 0 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican-Americans - Revised (ARSMA-II) | Cuellar1995a | CEL; MAE; MAT; WAL; ZAN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | students | 1 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican-Americans- Short Form | Dawson1996 | CEL; MAE; WAL | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | Hispanic |
| Acculturation Scale (Arends-Tóth & van de Vijver, 2000) | Arends-Toth2000 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 1 | Netherlands | any |
| Acculturation Scale (Cheung, 1995) | Cheung1995 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | 0 | New Zealand | Cambodia |
| Acculturation Scale (Ghuman, 1991) | Ghuman1991 | MAT | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | youth | 0 | United Kingdom | any |
| Acculturation Scale (Ghuman, 1997) | Ghuman1997 | CEL | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | youth | 0 | United Kingdom | India |
| Acculturation Scale (Ghuman, 2000) | Ghuman2000 | MAT | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | youth | 0 | Australia | South Asia |
| Acculturation Scale for Southeast Asians | Anderson1993 | MAE; MAT; ZAN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | Southeast Asia |
| Acculturation Scale for Vietnamese Adolescents | Nguyen1999 | CEL; MAE; MAT | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | youth | 0 | United States of America | Vietnam |
| Relative Acculturation Extended Model Scale (real and ideal acculturation strategies and attitudes [RAEM]) | Navas2007 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | 1 | Spain | Morocco, Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Acculturation, Habits and Interests Multicultural Scale for Adolescents (AHIMSA) | Unger2002 | CEL; WAL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | youth | 1 | United States of America | any |
| Acculturative Hassles | Vinokurov2002 | CEL | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | refugee | 0 | Russia, United States of America | former Soviet Union |
| Acculturative Stress Inventory for Children | Suarez-Morales2007 | CEL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | youth | 0 | United States of America | Hispanic |
| Acculturative Stress Scale | DeSnyder1987 | CEL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Adopt and Keep Scale | Swaidan2006 | CEL | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | Middle East, Asia |
| African American Acculturation Scale (Landrine & Klonoff, 1994) | Landrine1994 | CEL; MAT; ZAN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 1 | United States of America | United States of America |
| African American Acculturation Scale (Snowden & Hines, 1999) | Snowden1999 | MAT; ZAN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | United States of America |
| African American Acculturation Scale Revised (Klonoff & Landrine, 2000) | Klonoff2000 | MAT | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | United States of America |
| American and Puerto Rican Cultural Involvement Scales | Cortes1994 | MAT; WAL; MAE | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | Puerto Rico |
| American Puerto Rican Acculturation Scale | Cortes2003 | CEL | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | Puerto Rico |
| Asian American Multidimensional Acculturation Scale (AAMAS; Chung, Kim, & Abreu, 2004) | GimChung2004 | CEL; MAT | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | students | 0 | United States of America | Asia, South Korea |
| Asian Values Scale | Kim1999 | MAT; ZAN | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | students | 1 | United States of America | Asia |
| Behavioral Acculturation Scale | Szapocznik1978 | MAE; MAT; ZAN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | 1 | United States of America | Cuba |
| Benet-Martinez Acculturation Scale | NA | CEL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ? | ? | United States of America | LatinX, Cuba |
| Bicultural Identity Integration Scale (BIIS-1) | Benet-Martinez2005 | CEL | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | China |
| Bicultural Identity Integration Scale (BIIS-2) | Huynh2018 | CEL | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | students | 0 | United States of America | any |
| Bicultural Involvement Questionnaire | Szapocznik1980 | CEL; MAT; ZAN | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | youth | 0 | United States of America | Cuba, Hispanic |
| Biculturalism/Multiculturalism Experience Inventory | Ramirez1983 | MAT; ZAN | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | Hispanic |
| Bidimensional acculturation scale for Korean Americans | Jang2007 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | South Korea |
| Bidimensional Acculturation Scale for Hispanics | Marin1996 | CEL; MAE; MAT; WAL; ZAN | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | Hispanic |
| Brief Acculturation Scale | Meredith2000 | CEL; MAE; MAT | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | Japan |
| Brief Acculturation Scale for Hispanics | Norris1996 | CEL; MAT; WAL; ZAN | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | youth | 0 | United States of America | Hispanic |
| Subjective Acculturation Measure | Norris1996 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | LatinX |
| Chicano Adolescent Acculturation Scale | Olmedo1978 | MAE; WAL | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | youth | 1 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Children’s Acculturation Scale | Franco1983 | CEL; MAE; MAT; ZAN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | youth | 0 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Children’s Hispanic Background Scale | Martinez1984 | CEL; WAL; ZAN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | youth | 0 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Cultural Awareness-Ethnic Loyalty Scale | Keefe1987 | MAE; WAL | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Cultural Health Attributions Questionnaire | Murguia2000 | WAL | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | Hispanic |
| Cultural Life Styles Inventory | Mendoza1989 | CEL; MAE; MAT; ZAN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 1 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Cultural Readjustment Rating Questionnaire | Spradley1972 | CEL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | students | 1 | United States of America | China |
| Cultural Values Conflict Scale | Inman2001 | MAT | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | women | 0 | United States of America | South Asia |
| Culture Shock Questionnaire | Mumford1998 | CEL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | 0 | multiple | United Kingdom |
| East Asian Acculturation Measure | Barry2001 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | China, Japan, South Korea |
| Enculturation Measure for Native American Youth | Zimmerman1996 | MAT | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | youth | 0 | United States of America | Native |
| European American Value Scale for Asian Americans | Wolfe2001 | MAT | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | students | 1 | United States of America | Asia |
| General Ethnicity Questionnaire | Tsai2000 | CEL; ZAN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | students | 0 | United States of America | China |
| Greek-American Acculturation Scale | Harris1996 | MAT | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | 1 | United States of America | Greece |
| Hawaiian Culture Scale Adolescent version | Hishinuma2000 | MAT | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | students | 1 | United States of America | Native |
| Hazuda Scale | Hazuda1988 | MAT | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 1 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Homesickness and Contentment Scale | Shin1999 | CEL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | students | 0 | United States of America | China, South Korea |
| Greek Immigrant Acculturation Scale | Madianos2008 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | Greece | any |
| Immigration Policy Lab (IPL-24) Integration Index - 24 items | Harder2018 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States, Germany | any |
| Immigration Policy Lab (IPL-12) Integration Index - 12 items | Harder2018 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States, Germany | any |
| Integration Efforts | Guest1993 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | any |
| Intercultural Adjustment Potential Scale (ICAPS) | Matsumoto2001 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | Japan |
| Internal-External Ethnic Identity Measure | Kwan1997 | CEL | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | 0 | United States of America | China |
| Italian Ethnic Identity Measure | Laroche2005 | CEL | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | Canada | Italy |
| Italian-Canadian Acculturation Scale (Kim, Laroche, & Tomiuk, 2001) | Kim2001 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | Canada | Italy |
| Language-based Acculturation Scale | Deyo1985 | CEL; MAT; MAE | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | clinical | 0 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Language, Identity, and Behavioral Acculturation Scale | Birman2002 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | refugee students | 0 | United States of America | former Soviet Union |
| Multidimensional Measure of Cultural Identity Scales for Latinos and Latinas | Felix-Ortiz1994 | WAL; MAE | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | students | 0 | United States of America | Latinx |
| Los Angeles Epidemiologic Catchment Area-Acculturation Scale | Burnam1987 | MAE; WAL | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Media Acculturation Scale | Ramirez1986 | CEL; WAL; ZAN | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Mexican American Acculturation Scale | Montgomery1992 | MAE; WAL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | students | 1 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Multicultural Acculturation Scale | Wong-Rieger1987 | MAT | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 1 | United States of America | Southeast Asia, Latinx |
| Multicultural Experience Survey | Leung2010 | CEL | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | students | 1 | United States of America | United States of America |
| Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Inventory | Rodriguez2002 | CEL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Multidimensional Acculturative Stress Scale | Jibeen2010 | CEL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | Canada | Pakistan |
| Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) | Phinney1992 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | students | 0 | United States of America | any |
| Multiphasic Assessment of Cultural Constructs | Cuellar1995 | MAT; WAL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | students | 0 | United States of America | Mexico |
| Na Mea Hawai’i Scale | Rezentes1993 | CEL; MAT; ZAN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 1 | United States of America | Native |
| Native American Acculturation Scale | Garrett2000 | CEL; MAT | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | N/A | N/A | United States of America | Native |
| Pan-Acculturation Scale (Soriano, 1999) | Soriano1999 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | youth | 0 | United States of America | Latinx |
| Perceived Discrimination (MIRIPS) | Berry2010 | CEL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 1 | multiple | multiple |
| Psychological Acculturation Scale (Tropp et al., 1999) | Tropp1999 | CEL | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | Latinx |
| Satisfaction With Migration Life Scale | Neto2016 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | general | 0 | United States of America | any |
| Scale of Acculturation | Rissel1997 | CEL; MAT | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | Australia | Arabic Speaking |
| Short Acculturation Scale | Wallen2002 | CEL; WAL | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | women | 0 | United States of America | Central America |
| Short Acculturation Scale for Filipino Americans | Cruz2000 | MAT | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | experts | 0 | United States of America | Philippines |
| Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanic Youth | Barona1994 | CEL; MAE; WAL | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | youth | 1 | United States of America | Hispanic |
| Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (Marin, Sabogal, Marin, Otero-Sabogal, & Perez-Stable, 1987) | Marin1987 | CEL; MAE; MAT; WAL; ZAN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | 1 | United States of America | Hispanic |
| Sociocultural Adaptation Scale | Ward1994 | CEL | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | multiple | New Zealand |
| Spheres of sociocultural adjustment | Lissitsa2011 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | 1 | Israel | Russia |
| Stephenson Multigroup Acculturation Scale | Stephenson2000 | CEL; MAT; ZAN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | any |
| Strategies of Acculturation Scale | Eshel2000 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | youth | 0 | Israel | Russia |
| Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Accultururation Scale (SL-ASIA) | Suinn1992 | CEL; MAE; MAT; ZAN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | students | 0 | United States of America | Asia |
| Taiwan Aboriginal Acculturation Scale | Cheng1995 | MAT | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | 0 | Taiwan | East Asia & Pacific |
| Traditional Behavior Scale | ArambulaSolomon1999 | MAT | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | general | 0 | United States of America | Natives |
| Trinity Acculturation Scale (14 items) | Curran2003 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | 0 | United Kingdom | Ireland |
| Trinity Acculturation Scale (24 items) | Curran2003 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | 0 | United Kingdom | Ireland |
| Value Acculturation Scale | Szapocznik1978 | MAE; MAT; ZAN | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | general | 1 | United States of America | Cuba |
| Vancouver Index of Acculturation (VIA; Ryder et al., 2000) | Ryder2000 | CEL; MAT | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 1 | Canada | China |
| Virgin Island Acculturation Scale (Tull, Ambrose, & Chambers, 2003) | Tull2003 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States Virgin Islands | African Cribbean |
| Cultural Beliefs and Behaviors Adaptation Profile (CBBAP) | Bogumill1998 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States | China, Europe |
| Cultual Adaptation Korean Elderly | Jang2007 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | elderly | 0 | United States | Korea |
| Motivation for Cultural Maintenance (MCM) | Recker2017 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | 0 | New Zealand | any |
| Motivation for Cultural Exploration (MCE) | Recker2017 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | New Zealand | any |
| Acculturation Scale for Vietnamese Adolescents (ASVA) | Nguyen2002 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | students | 0 | United States | Vietnam |
| CHIS Acculturation Score | Johnson-Kozlow2010 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States | Mexico |
| Abridged General Ethnicity Questionnaire—American version (GEQA) | Tseng2015 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | women | 0 | United States | China |
| Acculturation to American Core Culture | Ruesch1948 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | 1 | United States | any |
| modified Lowlands Acculturation Scale | UnluInce2014 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | 0 | Netherlands | Turkey |
| Ghanaian Acculturation Survey (GAS) | Eshun2006 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States | Ghana |
| Acculturative Dissonance (AD) | Le2009 | OWN | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | youth | 0 | United States | Cambodia, China, Laos, Vietnam |
| Acculturation Attitudes (ICSEY) | ICSEYteam2006 | OWN | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | youth | 0 | multiple | multiple |
| Cultural identity (ICSEY) | ICSEYteam2006 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | youth | 0 | multiple | multiple |
| Language Use (ICSEY) | ICSEYteam2006 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | youth | 0 | multiple | multiple |
| Language Proficiency (ICSEY) | ICSEYteam2006 | OWN | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | youth | 0 | multiple | multiple |
| Acculturation behaviors - peer contacts & activities (ICSEY) | ICSEYteam2006 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | youth | 0 | multiple | multiple |
| Family relationship values (ICSEY) | ICSEYteam2006 | OWN | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | youth | 0 | multiple | multiple |
| Perceived discrimination (ICSEY) | ICSEYteam2006 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | youth | 0 | multiple | multiple |
| Psychological adaptation - Psychological Problems (ICSEY) | ICSEYteam2006 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | youth | 0 | multiple | multiple |
| Psychological adaptation - Self Esteem (ICSEY) | ICSEYteam2006 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | youth | 0 | multiple | multiple |
| Psychological adaptation - Life Satisfaction (ICSEY) | ICSEYteam2006 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | youth | 0 | multiple | multiple |
| Sociocultural adaptation - School adjustment (ICSEY) | ICSEYteam2006 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | youth | 0 | multiple | multiple |
| Sociocultural adaptation - Behavior problems (ICSEY) | ICSEYteam2006 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | youth | 0 | multiple | multiple |
| Acculturation Strategies (Mancini, & Bottura, 2014) | Mancini2014 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | youth | 1 | Spain | any |
| Acculturation Attitudes (Mancini, & Bottura, 2014) | Mancini2014 | OWN | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | youth | 1 | Spain | any |
| Acculturation Indicators (Needham, et al., 2017) | Needham2017 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | general | 0 | United States | South Asia |
| Proxy Acculturation Scale (PAS-3 and PAS-4) | Cruz2008 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | general | 0 | United States | LatinX |
| Civic engagment measure | Uslaner2005 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | general | 1 | United States | any |
| Measurement of Acculturation Strategies for People of African Descent (MASPAD) | Obasi2010 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States | African descent |
| Adapted Measurement of Acculturation Strategies for People of African Descent (MASPAD) - UK | Onyigbuo2018 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United Kingdom | Nigeria |
| Ethnic/Cultural Identity Dimensions Scale (EID Scale) | Ting-toomey2000 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 1 | United States | any |
| adapted Ethnic/Cultural Identity Dimensions Scale (EID Scale) | Liu2006 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | general | 0 | Australia | China |
| Immigrant Identity Questionnaire (IIQ) | Orr2003 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | youth | 0 | United States | Ethiopia, former USSR |
| Acculturation Attitudes Scale (Kim, 1988) | Kim2010a | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | 0 | Canada | Korea |
| anticipated socio-cultural adaptation scale | Yijala2012 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | Finnland | Russia |
| global acculturation indexes | Berry2011 | OWN | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | youth | 0 | Canada, France | any |
| interethnic contact | Martinovic2009 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | general | 0 | Netherlands | any |
| Mexican American Cultural Values Scale (MACVS) | Knight2010 | OWN | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | youth | 1 | United States | Mexico |
| adapted Mexican American Cultural Values Scale (MACVS) | Duarte2020 | OWN | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | general | 1 | United States | Mexico |
| Bicultural Youth Acculturation Questionnaire | Kukaswadia2016 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | general | 1 | Canada | any |
| Food Similarity Index (FSI) | VanHook2015 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | general | 1 | United States | any |
| Adjustments to U.S. National Culture | Alkhazraji1997 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Muslims | 1 | United States | any |
| Acculturation Scale for Asian Indians (ASAI) | Parekh2000 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States | India |
| Brief Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans–II (ARSMA II- SF) | Cuellar2004 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | elderly | 0 | United States | Mexico |
| Bidimensional Acculturation Scale for Marriage-Based Immigrants (BASMBI) | Chen2018 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | husband men | 0 | Taiwan | any |
| Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics-Youth (SASH-Y) | Barona1994 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | youth | 1 | United States | LatinX |
| Assimilation to French Culture | Badea2012 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 1 | France | France |
| Expatriate Acculturation Index Scale | Lineberry2012 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | any | United States |
| Level of Acculturation to Korean Life | Asano2016 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | wife women | 0 | Korea | China |
| Acculturation Attitude Scale (AAS-16) | Schmitz2012 | OWN | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | general | 0 | Germany | Turkey, North Africa |
| Sociocultural Adjustment Scale - Revised (SCAS-R) | Wilson2013 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | New Zealand | any |
| Civic involvement, donation and observance of cultural practices scale | Kim2013 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | Canada | Korea |
| acculturation scale (Wang, 2007) | Wang2007 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 1 | United States | China |
| Banal Integration | Ekmanis2017 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | 0 | Latvia | Russia |
| Israeli religio-ethnic acculturation | Rebhun2014 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | general | 0 | any | Israel |
| Acculturation Modes for Koreans (Lee, Sobal, and Frongillo, 2003) | Lee2003 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States | Korea |
| Physical Activity and Sport Acculturation Index (PASAI) | Garrido2012 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | youth | 0 | Spain | any |
| social integration index (Dalgard, & Thapa, 2007) | Dalgard2007 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | Norway | any |
| Social Connectedness in Mainstream Society (SCMN) Scale | Yoon2012 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | students | 0 | United States | Mexico, Asia |
| Social Connectedness in the Ethnic Community (SCETH) Scale | Yoon2012 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | students | 0 | United States | Mexico, Asia |
| adapted Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican-Americans-II (ARSMA-II) (Schaefer, et al., 2009) | Schaefer2009 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | youth women | 0 | United States | Mexico, Asia |
| Place Attachment Scale (Williams, & Vaske, 2003) | Williams2003 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | students | 1 | United States | United States |
| Adaptation Scale (Gao, & Gudykunst, 1990) | Gao2000 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | students | 0 | United States | any |
| Adapted Biculturalism Scale (Nagaraj, Vyas, McDonnell, DiPietro) | Nagaraj2018 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | women | 0 | United States | South Asia |
| Acculturation Orientation (Demes, & Geeraert, 2014) | Demes2014 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general, student | 0 | United Kingdom | any |
| Psychological Adaptation (Demes, & Geeraert, 2014) | Demes2014 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | general, student | 0 | United Kingdom | any |
| sociocultural adaptation/perceived cultural distance (Demes, & Geeraert, 2014) | Demes2014 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general, student | 0 | United Kingdom | any |
| Integration Well-being Scale (Amit, Litwin) | Amit2010 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | elderly | 0 | Israel | any |
| Acculturation in Australia | Liu2007 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | general | 1 | Australia | Asia |
| Ladakh Acculturation Scale – Tridimensional (LAS-T) Scale | Ozer2016 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | 1 | India | India |
| Acceptance of American Cultural Values | Moon2007 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States | Korea |
| Affinity for Korean Cultural Identity | Moon2007 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States | Korea |
| Migrant Integration Indexes (Lindstorm, 2019) | Lindstrom2019 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | general | 0 | United States | Mexico |
| Sociocultural Adaptation Scale (LSYPE) | Bowe2019 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | youth | 0 | Britain | any |
| Brief Sense of Community Scale (BSCS-8) | Mendelson2010 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | 1 | United States | LatinX |
| Indicators of acculturation domains (RAEM) | Navas2005 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | N/A | 1 | N/A | N/A |
| Revised Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity | Pawar2014 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | students | 1 | United States | African descent |
| political participation (Jeong, & Kim, 2016) | Jeong2016 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | refugees | 0 | South Korea | North Korea |
| cultural adaptation (Jeong, & Kim, 2016) | Jeong2016 | OWN | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | refugee women | 0 | South Korea | North Korea |
| Dutch Psychological Acculturation Scale | Stevens2004 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | Netherlands | Marocco |
| Identification Scale (Renvik et al., 2018) | Renvik2018 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | Finland | former USSR |
| Perez Ambiguous Loss of Homeland Scale (PALH) | Perez2019 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | general | 0 | United States | LatinX |
| Measure of identification with groups | Roccas2008 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | prospective jurors, student | 1 | United States | any |
| General Acculturation Index (GAI) | Balcazar1995 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | women | 0 | United States | Mexico |
| Acculturation Intergenerational Conflict Scale (AIC) | Lee2004b | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | youth | 0 | United States | Korea |
| Social self-efficacy Scale for Students | Fan1998 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | students | 1 | Australia | any |
| Iranian Acculturation Scale | Shahim2007 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | 0 | Canada | Iran |
| Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure–Revised | Phinney2007 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | students | 1 | United States | any |
| Expatriate Cross-Cultural Adjustment Scale | Black1989 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States | Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong |
| Soviet Acculturation Measure (SAM-II) | Ben-Rafael2006 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Jews | 0 | Israel, Germany, United States | Russia |
| Attitudes towards minority culture maintenance and inter-ethnic contact scale | Nigbur2008 | OWN | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | youth | 1 | United Kingdom | any |
| attitudes toward homosexuality (ESS) | Fitzgerald2014 | OWN | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | general | 1 | Europe | any |
| Psychological-Behavioral Acculturation Survey | Marino2000 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 1 | Australia | Vietnam |
| linguistic, psychological and behavioral indicators for acculturation | Shin2017 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States | Mexico |
| Frankfurt Acculturation Scale (FRAKK) | Bongard2002 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | student men | 1 | Germany | Turkey |
| minority and majority group contact (SIM) | Maliepaard2012 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | general | 0 | Netherlands | Marocco, Turkey |
| Asian Indian Dietary Acculturation Measure (AIDAM) | Venkatesh2017 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | United States | Asian Indian |
| Ethnocultural Identity Behavior Index | Yamada1998 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | student | 0 | United States | Asia, Hawaii |
| Self-Reported Life Satisfaction | Paparusso2019 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | Europe | any |
| Ethnic/Cultural Identity Salience Questionnaire | Kouli2009 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | student | 1 | Greece | any |
| Acculturation Index (NESARC) | Kimber2015 | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | general | 1 | United States | any |
| Ethno-cultural Identity Conflict Scale | Ward2011 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | general | 1 | New Zealand | any |
| Culture-Transmission Motive | Mchitarjan2015 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | general | 0 | any | any |
| Cultural Identity and Biculturality | Mchitarjan2015 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 0 | any | any |
| National Identity | Fuller-Rowell2013 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | student | 1 | United States | LatinX |
| Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF) | Keyes2002 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | general | 1 | United States | any |
| Acculturation preferences (Christ et al., 2013) | Christ2013 | OWN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | general | 1 | Germany | any |
| United States acculturation scale (USAS) | Wright2013a | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | clinical | 1 | United States | any |
| Acculturation Strategies and Attitudes Questionnaire, immigrants’ version | Luque2004 | OWN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general | 1 | Spain | any |
| Socio-Cultural Adaptation Scale (41-item) | Ward1999a | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general, student | 0 | New Zealand, Singapore | New Zealand, Singapore |
| Socio-Cultural Adaptation Scale (29-item) | Ward1999a | OWN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | general, student | 0 | New Zealand, Singapore | New Zealand, Singapore |
| a CEL = Celenk & Van de Vijver (2011), MAE = Maestas (2000), MAT = Matsudaira (2006), WAL = Wallace et al. (2010), ZAN = Zane & Mak (2004), OWN = own review (only additional) |
Interest over time
Of the scale we included we also plotted the publication years of the scale validations in order to gain an understanding of the interest in scale development over time.
Sample
The study sample a scale is validated in can be fairly important if one plans to use a scale for a context-specific phenomenon such as a cultural adaptation of two specific cultures. We, therefore, coded the type of sample the original authors used in their validation studies (see Figure 1).
Figure 1: Bar graph of the study samples used in the original validation studies.
The category general refers to a sampling strategy in which any consenting adult could participate in the study.
Dimensions
One major focus of our coding efforts was put on identifying the phenomenological dimensions that were assessed by each individual scale. Based the ABCD framework of human experiences, we independently distinguished between emotional (affect), behavioral, cognitive, and need-based measurements of of acculturation. Examples of concepts that fell into the individual dimensions are shown in Table 3:
| Dimension | Concept | Wording |
|---|---|---|
| Affect | belonging, loneliness, satisfaction | “I feel …,” |
| Behavior | language learning, media consumption, voting | “I do …,” “I speak …,” “I meet …” |
| Cognition | cultural identification, cultural values, attitude towards majority | “I prefer …,” “I think …,” “I identify as …” |
| Desire | needs, goals, wants | “I want …,” “I would like to …,” “I need …” |
Note that this also means that we do not include scales that measure aspects of acculturation that do can be measured without consideration of the individual’s experiences, such as physical changes, cultural changes, or societal changes.
Figure 2 shows how often each of the dimensions was coded.
Figure 2: Bar graph of the counts for each of the dimensions.
We also plot how often each of the dimensions were measured together. A bar graph of the compound frequencies is shown Figure 3 and a network graph of frequencies and co-occurrences is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 3: Bar graph of the counts for each of the dimension combinations.
Figure 4: Network graph of the dimension frequencies and co-occurences. The nodes (i.e., circles) represent the concepts so that the size of the circle indicates the number of times concept was coded and the edges (i.e., connections) represent the co-occurences so that the width of the line indicates how often the concepts were measured in one scale.
Domains
Acculturation can happen in different life domains (e.g., Arends-Tóth & Vijver, 2007; Zane & Mak, 2004). We coded which life domains the scales referred to, either as part of subscale labels, factor labels, explicit commentary of the authors, or clear question wordings (see Figure 5).
Figure 5: Wordcloud of the validation scale domains.
Countries
We also coded the cultural context the scales were validated in. We coded both the migrants’ country of origin as well as the country of the receivong society in which the study was conducted (see Figure 6).
Figure 6: Bar graph of study counts for the individual host countries and countries of origin.
Empirical: General
After analysis of the scales validations, we assessed the empirical papers we collected for the systematic review.
Exclusions
The search produced a total of 1629 results. We subsequently screened out results that did not fit into our review. We excluded 683 results in the title screening (for exclusion reasons see Table 4) as well as an additional 272 results during the abstract screening (for exclusion reasons see Table 5).| Exclusion Reason | Frequency |
|---|---|
| not acculturation | 224 |
| not migrant | 65 |
| not migration | 62 |
| not experience | 19 |
| not ABCD | 10 |
| not English | 1 |
| not integration | 1 |
| Exclusion Reason | Frequency |
|---|---|
| not acculturation | 82 |
| not experience | 42 |
| not migrant | 41 |
| not migration | 41 |
| stress | 34 |
| not measured | 32 |
| re-migration | 1 |
Of the remaining 674 results, 559 papers presented empirical work on acculturation and were coded. The 7 non-empirical results were reviews, which were not coded because they did not fit into our coding schema. During the full text coding we excluded an additional 33 results were dropped because they were either not relevant or were not accessible (for exclusion reasons see Table 6).
All included works are listed in the Online Coding Database.
| Exclusion Reason | Frequency |
|---|---|
| thesis not accessible | 14 |
| items not accessible | 9 |
| book not accessible | 4 |
| not measured | 3 |
| article not accessible | 2 |
| should still be coded | 1 |
Figure 7: PRISMA diagram.
Publication Type
A majority of the results were journal articles but we also reviewed a number of theses and book chapters (see Table 7).
| Publication Type | Frequency |
|---|---|
| journalArticle | 452 |
| thesis | 68 |
| bookSection | 6 |
A majority of the empirical papers were quantitative assessments of acculturation (for an overview of the data collection types see Table 8).
| Data Type | Frequency |
|---|---|
| quantitative | 464 |
| mixed method | 39 |
| qualitative | 20 |
| Review | 3 |
Terms used
The field of acculturation has been using a variety of terms to describe the process of cultural adaptation. We list the terms the authors used in their paper to refer to cultural adaptation in Table 9.
| Term | Frequency |
|---|---|
| acculturation | 388 |
| integration | 21 |
| assimilation | 18 |
| social integration | 11 |
| acculturation attitudes | 9 |
| adaptation | 8 |
| adjustment | 8 |
| aculturative stress | 6 |
| sociocultural adjustment | 6 |
| psychological adjustment | 5 |
| acculturation strategies | 4 |
| ethnic identity | 4 |
| acculturation orientation | 3 |
| acculturation preferences | 3 |
| emotional acculturation | 3 |
| acculturation patterns | 2 |
| americanization | 2 |
| cultural adaptation | 2 |
| acculturation and enculturation | 1 |
| acculturative adjustment | 1 |
| acculturative orientation | 1 |
| attachment to the nation | 1 |
| cross-cultural adaptation | 1 |
| cross-cultural adjustment | 1 |
| cultural identification | 1 |
| cultural identity change | 1 |
| cultural orientation | 1 |
| cultural transition | 1 |
| cultural transmission | 1 |
| culturing | 1 |
| economic integration | 1 |
| immigation success | 1 |
| immigration transition | 1 |
| intercultural adjustment | 1 |
| linguistic acculturation | 1 |
| mental health | 1 |
| migration | 1 |
| national identity | 1 |
| psychological and sociocultural adjustment | 1 |
| psychological flourishing | 1 |
| sociocultural adaptation | 1 |
Measure used
We list the measures used by the authors in Table 10. Note that a majority of the measurements are not previously standardized and are not shared across articles.
| Term | Frequency |
|---|---|
| vancouver index of acculturation (via; ryder et al., 2000) | 17 |
| language use [own] | 16 |
| language, identity, and behavioral acculturation scale | 14 |
| stephenson multigroup acculturation scale | 11 |
| acculturation orientation/acculturation strategy | 10 |
| acculturation rating scale for mexican-americans - revised (arsma-ii) | 10 |
| short acculturation scale for hispanics (marin, sabogal, marin, otero-sabogal, & perez-stable, 1987) | 10 |
| vancouver index of acculturation | 10 |
| abbreviated multidimensional acculturation scale | 7 |
| brief acculturation rating scale for mexican americans–ii (arsma ii- sf) | 7 |
| suinn-lew asian self identity acculturation scale | 7 |
| acculturation rating scale for mexican americans-ii | 6 |
| iranian acculturation scale | 6 |
| suinn-lew asian self-identity accultururation scale (sl-asia) | 6 |
| acculturation attitudes scale | 5 |
| asian american multidimensional acculturation scale (aamas; chung, kim, & abreu, 2004) | 5 |
| bicultural involvement questionnaire | 5 |
| proxy acculturation scale (pas-3 and pas-4) | 5 |
| relative acculturation extended model scale (real and ideal acculturation strategies and attitudes [raem]) | 5 |
| short acculturation scale for hispanics | 5 |
| acculturation attitudes (arends-tóth & van de vijver, 2007) | 4 |
| bidimensional acculturation scale for hispanics | 4 |
| immigrant acculturation scale | 4 |
| language proficiency | 4 |
| behavioral acculturation scale | 3 |
| cultural lifestyle inventory | 3 |
| east asian acculturation measure | 3 |
| emotional acculturation | 3 |
| identification [own] | 3 |
| language proficiency [own] | 3 |
| language proficiency [own], language use [own] | 3 |
| lowlands acculturation scale | 3 |
| mutual intercultural relations in plural societies - acculturation attitudes scale | 3 |
| psychological acculturation scale (tropp et al., 1999) | 3 |
| abbreviated multidimensional acculturation scale (amas) | 2 |
| acculturation attitude scale (sam, 1995) | 2 |
| acculturation attitudes (icsey) | 2 |
| acculturation attitudes (icsey) [assimilation subscale] | 2 |
| acculturation index | 2 |
| acculturation index (ai; ward & kennedy, 1994) | 2 |
| acculturation preferences | 2 |
| acculturation strategies (mancini, & bottura, 2014); acculturation attitudes (mancini, & bottura, 2014) | 2 |
| acculturation strategies scale (modified; kosic, 1998) | 2 |
| acculturation, habits and interests multicultural scale for adolescents (ahimsa) | 2 |
| adapted bidimensional acculturation scale for hispanics | 2 |
| adopted language, identity, and behavioral acculturation scale | 2 |
| american and puerto rican cultural involvement scales | 2 |
| assimilation scale | 2 |
| bidimensional acculturation scale | 2 |
| chis acculturation score | 2 |
| cultual adaptation korean elderly | 2 |
| general acculturation attitudes | 2 |
| identity style inventory cultural transition | 2 |
| identity subscale from language, identity, and behavioral acculturation scale | 2 |
| language proficiency [own]; language use [own] | 2 |
| marital assimilation [own] | 2 |
| multidimensional acculturative stress scale | 2 |
| multigroup ethnic identity measure | 2 |
| multigroup ethnic identity measure revised | 2 |
| proxy acculturation scale (pas-3) | 2 |
| relative acculturation extended model scale (real and ideal acculturation strategies and attitudes) | 2 |
| social readjustment rating scale | 2 |
| socio-cultural adaptation scale | 2 |
| speaking english at home [own] | 2 |
| structured interview | 2 |
| 2 measures - attitudes (intrinsic) & extrinsic cultural traits | 1 |
| abbreviated acculturation modes for koreans (lee, sobal, and frongillo, 2003) | 1 |
| abbreviated multidimensional acculturation scale (amas); multigroup ethnic identity measure (meim) | 1 |
| abbreviated multidimensional acculturation scale (amas); social connectedness in mainstream society (scmn) scale; and social connectedness in the ethnic community (sceth) scale | 1 |
| abridged general ethnicity questionnaire—american and chinese version | 1 |
| abridged general ethnicity questionnaire—american version (geqa) | 1 |
| acceptance of american cultural values; affinity for korean cultural identity | 1 |
| accultuation orientation (arends-tóth & van de vijver, 2004) | 1 |
| acculturation attitude scale (aas-16); sociocultural adjustment scale - revised (scas-r) | 1 |
| acculturation attitude scale (berry, 1989) | 1 |
| acculturation attitude scale (kim, 1988) | 1 |
| acculturation attitudes | 1 |
| acculturation experiences | 1 |
| acculturation in australia | 1 |
| acculturation index (ai; ward & kennedy, 1994); identification | 1 |
| acculturation index (nesarc) | 1 |
| acculturation indicators (needham, et al., 2017) | 1 |
| acculturation intergenerational conflict scale (aic) | 1 |
| acculturation orientation (based on horenczyk, 1996, 2000) | 1 |
| acculturation orientation (demes, & geeraert, 2014) | 1 |
| acculturation preference [unclear], intergroup contact [unclear] | 1 |
| acculturation preferences (christ et al., 2013) | 1 |
| acculturation preferences [own] | 1 |
| acculturation rating scale for arab-american-ii | 1 |
| acculturation rating scale for mexican americans-ii (language sub-scale) | 1 |
| acculturation rating scale for mexican-americans - revised (arsma-ii); mexican american cultural values scale (macvs) | 1 |
| acculturation scale (acc) | 1 |
| acculturation scale (cheung, 1995) | 1 |
| acculturation scale (wang, 2007) | 1 |
| acculturation scale for asian indians (asai) | 1 |
| acculturation scale for southeast asians | 1 |
| acculturation scale for vietnamese adolescents (asva) | 1 |
| acculturation scale for vietnamese adolescents (asva); multigroup ethnic identity measure | 1 |
| acculturation t o american core culture | 1 |
| acculturative dissonance (ad) | 1 |
| acculturative stress, subjective well-being, flourishing | 1 |
| adapted acculturation rating scale for mexican-americans-ii (arsma-ii) (schaefer, et al., 2009) | 1 |
| adapted acculturation scale for vietnamese adolescents (asva) | 1 |
| adapted biculturalism scale (nagaraj, vyas, mcdonnell, dipietro) | 1 |
| adapted cultual adaptation korean elderly | 1 |
| adapted ethnic/cultural identity dimensions scale (eid scale) | 1 |
| adapted general ethnicity questionnaire | 1 |
| adapted hazuda scale | 1 |
| adapted measurement of acculturation strategies for people of african descent (maspad) - uk | 1 |
| adapted mexican american cultural values scale (macvs) | 1 |
| adapted short acculturation scale for hispanics (marin, sabogal, marin, otero-sabogal, & perez-stable, 1987) | 1 |
| adapted soviet acculturation measure (sam-ii) | 1 |
| adapted suinn-lew asian self-identity accultururation scale (sl-asia) | 1 |
| adjustment experience [own] | 1 |
| adjustments to u.s. national culture | 1 |
| adult acculturation and resiliency scale | 1 |
| affective adjustment | 1 |
| african american acculturation scale revised (klonoff & landrine, 2000) | 1 |
| anticipated socio-cultural adaptation scale | 1 |
| asian indian dietary acculturation measure (aidam) | 1 |
| assimilation attitude [own] | 1 |
| assimilation to french culture | 1 |
| attitudes toward homosexuality (ess) | 1 |
| attitudes towards majority culture, identification | 1 |
| attitudes towards minority culture maintenance and inter-ethnic contact scale | 1 |
| background information, heritage culture maintenance, mobility strategies and personal ability, perceived justice, self-perceptions, community contacts | 1 |
| banal integration [own] | 1 |
| behavior subscale from language, identity, and behavioral acculturation scale | 1 |
| behavioral and psychological acculturation | 1 |
| belonging, cultural memory (identity and difference cultural), empathy and reciprocity, perfection of speech, adaption | 1 |
| bicultural identification | 1 |
| bicultural involvement and adjustment scale | 1 |
| bicultural involvement questionnaire; acculturation rating scale for mexican-americans - revised (arsma-ii) | 1 |
| bicultural stress scale | 1 |
| bicultural youth acculturation questionnaire | 1 |
| bidimensional acculturation scale for marriage-based immigrants (basmbi) | 1 |
| bidimensional model of acculturation for korean american older adults | 1 |
| brief acculturation rating scale for mexican americans | 1 |
| brief sense of community scale (bscs-8); indicators of acculturation domains (raem) | 1 |
| civic involvement, donation and observance of cultural practices scale | 1 |
| coging strategies, contacts, friendship, belonging | 1 |
| contentment and gratitude, a strong family concept, the concept of `face’, an urge for knowledge, a sense of crisis, faith in life, and the identity of a marginal man [own} | 1 |
| cultural adaptation (jeong, & kim, 2016) | 1 |
| cultural adherence | 1 |
| cultural familiarity [own] | 1 |
| cultural identification | 1 |
| cultural identification [own], adapted vancouver index of acculturation (via; ryder et al., 2000) | 1 |
| cultural identity, feeling at home, well-being, perception of host society’s attitudes and policies toward them | 1 |
| cultural life styles inventory | 1 |
| cultural maintenance and adoptation | 1 |
| cultural orientation, interaction | 1 |
| cultural practice, and social networks | 1 |
| culture-transmission motive; cultural identity and biculturality | 1 |
| degree of difficulty in dealing with practical, social, and interpersonal communication problems | 1 |
| demands of immigration scale | 1 |
| dietary acculturation [own] | 1 |
| dutch psychological acculturation scale, language use [own] | 1 |
| economic integration, selective cultural assimilation | 1 |
| economic success, psychological well-being (sense of belonging, life satisfaction) | 1 |
| educational achievement [own], job prestige [own], income [own], generation [own] | 1 |
| emotional fit with the typical majority patterns of emotion [own] | 1 |
| emotional patterns questionnaire | 1 |
| employed [own] | 1 |
| employment status [own], diverse friends network outside ethnic community [own], association membership [own], ability to overcome difficulties [own], desire to remain [own] | 1 |
| ethnic identification, language proficiency | 1 |
| ethnic identity [own] | 1 |
| ethnic identity questionnaire | 1 |
| ethnic label [own] | 1 |
| ethnic/cultural identity salience questionnaire | 1 |
| ethno-cultural identity conflict scale | 1 |
| ethnocultural identity behavior index | 1 |
| european-american values scale for asian-americans - revised & asian-american values scale - revised | 1 |
| expatriate acculturation index scale | 1 |
| expatriate cross-cultural adjustment scale | 1 |
| food similarity index (fsi) | 1 |
| food similarity index (fsi), mexican food [own] | 1 |
| frankfurt acculturation scale | 1 |
| frankfurt acculturation scale (frakk) | 1 |
| general acculturation index (gai) | 1 |
| geriatric depression scale - 30 | 1 |
| ghanaian acculturation survey (gas) | 1 |
| global acculturation index | 1 |
| hazuda scale [language use only] | 1 |
| host communication competence, host interpersonal communication, psychological health, functional fitness | 1 |
| host community acculturation scale & immigrant acculturation scale | 1 |
| identification; identity; behavior; islamic beliefs; social network; cultural norms; language use, choice, and preference; attiudes towards turkish language | 1 |
| identitiy [own] | 1 |
| immigrant identity questionnaire (iiq) | 1 |
| immigration policy lab (ipl) integration index | 1 |
| indonesian acculturation rating scales (iars, modified from arsma-ii) | 1 |
| integration effort | 1 |
| integration well-being scale (amit, litwin) | 1 |
| intention to return home, agreement with native values & political identification | 1 |
| interactions [own] | 1 |
| intercultural adjustment potential scale (icaps) | 1 |
| intercultural strategies (assimilation, integration) | 1 |
| interethnic contact | 1 |
| interview language | 1 |
| inventory of student adjustment, sociocultural adjustment scale, australian cultural knowledge (ack) questionnaire, cultural identiy subscale of collective self-esteem scale | 1 |
| israeli religio-ethnic acculturation | 1 |
| italian-canadian acculturation scale (kim, laroche, & tomiuk, 2001) | 1 |
| japanese american acculturation scale | 1 |
| korean acculturation scale | 1 |
| korean version of the acculturation rating scale for mexican americans-ii | 1 |
| language | 1 |
| language ability [own] | 1 |
| language acquisition, dual national identity, realised expectations | 1 |
| language barriers, and getting used to life in australia | 1 |
| language difficulties, social support, economic situation, prejudice | 1 |
| language fluency [own]; u.s. education [own] | 1 |
| language fluency, prior employment | 1 |
| language proficiency (icsey); cultural identity (icsey); acculturation behaviors - peer contacts & activities (icsey) | 1 |
| language proficiency [own], ethnic identification | 1 |
| language proficiency [own], identification [own], acculturation desire [own], marriage values [own], children ideals [own] | 1 |
| language proficiency [own], time of residence [own], media consumption [own], national visitors [own] | 1 |
| language proficiency and length of residence | 1 |
| language proficiency, and cultural identity | 1 |
| language proficiency, language use, preferred language, food preferences, ethnicity of social contacts | 1 |
| language proficiency, languages use, preferred languages for media, food preference, ethnicity of close friends | 1 |
| language proficiency, length of residency, utilization of societal resources etc. | 1 |
| language proficiency, personal preference, social affiliation, lifestyle, and attachment to values and traditions | 1 |
| language proficiency, social support, cultural distance, contact | 1 |
| language skills [own], work status [own], ethnic identity [own] | 1 |
| language use | 1 |
| language use [own], community event participation [own] | 1 |
| language use [own], language preference media consumption [own] | 1 |
| language use, language proficiency | 1 |
| language use, length of stay, friendship composition, generation, percentage of native-born persons in the respondent’s neighborhood, and percentage of non-coethnics in the respondent’s neighborhood [own] | 1 |
| language use, media behavior, social customs, social contacts, cultural identity, generational status | 1 |
| language, number of years in new country, identity | 1 |
| lanuage preference [own] | 1 |
| learn the values, behaviors, life styles, and language of the host culture | 1 |
| learning language, navigation, regulations | 1 |
| leisure participation | 1 |
| level of acculturation to korean life | 1 |
| life satisfaction index a | 1 |
| locus of control, giving and receiving, individualism-collectivism, | 1 |
| mace’s (2004) acculturation index | 1 |
| male arab acculturation scale | 1 |
| measure of identification with groups | 1 |
| mental health continuum short form (mhc-sf) | 1 |
| migrant integration indexes (lindstorm, 2019) | 1 |
| minority and majority group contact (sim) | 1 |
| modified acculturation strategies and attitudes questionnaire, immigrants’ version | 1 |
| modified lowlands acculturation scale | 1 |
| modified suinn-lew asian self-identity acculturation scale | 1 |
| modified suinn-lew asian self-identity accultururation scale (sl-asia) | 1 |
| motivation for cultural maintenance (mcm); motivation for cultural exploration (mce) | 1 |
| multicultural acculturation questionnaire | 1 |
| multicultural ideology scale | 1 |
| multidimensional acculturation | 1 |
| multidimensional acculturative stress inventory | 1 |
| multidimensional measure of cultural identity scales for latinos and latinas | 1 |
| multidimensional measure of cultural identity scales for latinos and latinas [language preference, language proficiency]; ethnic identity [own] | 1 |
| multigroup ethnic identity measure–revised | 1 |
| multigroup ethnic identity measure; acculturation attitudes (arends-tóth & van de vijver, 2007) | 1 |
| mutual intercultural relations in plural societies - acculturation attitudes scale; sociocultural adaptation scale | 1 |
| national identification [own] | 1 |
| national identity | 1 |
| number of initial pleasant experiences, percentage of initial experiences which were unpleasant, number of’ problems encountered upon arrival, satisfaction with friends, satisfaction with job, satisfaction with school, satisfaction with recreation, task competence, interpersonal comfort, recent symptoms, chronic symptoms, cultural competence (english vocabulary, number series, knowledge of australian slang, knowledge of australian culture - geography, history, politics, and celebrities) | 1 |
| palmer et al.’s 2007 acculturation scale | 1 |
| pan-acculturation scale (soriano, 1999) | 1 |
| participation and identification | 1 |
| perez ambiguous loss of homeland scale (palh) | 1 |
| perfectionism, coping, problem solving, acculturation stress, self-esteem, distress, language proficiency, social support | 1 |
| phenomenon that occurs in multilingual and multicultural contexts over a period of time, causing alterations in the cultures involved in the process or creating a new “third” culture | 1 |
| physical activity and sport acculturation index (pasai) | 1 |
| place attachment scale (williams, & vaske, 2003); sociocultural adaptation scale | 1 |
| pooyan behavioral scale | 1 |
| primary language [own], cultural fluency [own], cultural orientation [own] | 1 |
| proportion of native friends, feelings of inclusion, satisfaction with employment, accommodation, and life | 1 |
| psychological acculturation scale | 1 |
| psychological acculturation scale, massachusetts hispanic elderly study acculturation scale | 1 |
| psychological acculturation scale; language use [own] | 1 |
| psychological adaptation, socio-cultural adjustment scale, economic adaptation | 1 |
| psychological well-being questionnaire, emotional state questionnaire, satisfaction level questionnaire, 90-symptom checklist | 1 |
| reactions to assimilation expectations | 1 |
| revised haitian acculturation scale | 1 |
| satisfaction with migration life scale | 1 |
| self-esteem, life satisfaction, subjective happiness, depression (reversed), anxiety (reversed), loneliness (reversed) | 1 |
| self-reported life satisfaction | 1 |
| sense of belinging [own], language use [own], social network [own] | 1 |
| short acculturation scale (marin, sabogal, marin, otero-sabogal, & perez-stable, 1987) | 1 |
| short acculturation scale for filipino americans | 1 |
| short acculturation scale for hispanics-youth (sash-y) | 1 |
| social adaptation structured interview, social adjustment questionnaire | 1 |
| social contacts [own] | 1 |
| social integration | 1 |
| social integration in the community scale (from pcsq) | 1 |
| social integration index (dalgard, & thapa, 2007) | 1 |
| social markers of acculturation | 1 |
| social participation [language use - own]; vancouver index of acculturation (via; ryder et al., 2000) | 1 |
| social support list - interactions scale | 1 |
| social, attitudinal, familial, and environmental (safe) acculturative stress scale | 1 |
| socio-cultural adaptation scale (29-item) | 1 |
| socio-cultural well-being [own]; reading behavior [own] | 1 |
| sociocultural adaptation - school adjustment (icsey); psychological adaptation - life satisfaction (icsey); psychological adaptation - self esteem (icsey); psychological adaptation - psychological problems (icsey); sociocultural adaptation - behavior problems (icsey) | 1 |
| sociocultural adaptation scale (lsype) | 1 |
| sociocultural adaptation scale; adaptation scale (gao, & gudykunst, 1990) | 1 |
| sociocultural difficulties (unclear origin) | 1 |
| spheres of sociocultural adjustment | 1 |
| strategies of acculturation scale | 1 |
| survey language [own] | 1 |
| symptom checklist-90-revised scale, satisfaction with live scale, riverside acculturation stress inventory, bicultural identity integration scale | 1 |
| teacher’s report of academic average, fluency and achievement in local language, participation and achievment in sports and recreation, interaction with peers, popularity among peers, class participation | 1 |
| the saudi - canada adaptation questionnaire (scao) | 1 |
| time in country, maintanance hertiage culture, adaptation host culture, social support migrant community, social support host community | 1 |
| time in country, value host culture, value heritage culture | 1 |
| trinity acculturation scale | 1 |
| trust [own], civic engagment measure | 1 |
| van manen’s approach to phenomenology | 1 |
| vancouver index of acculturation - arab version | 1 |
| vancouver index of acculturation (via; ryder et al., 2000); self-esteem, subjective well-being; life satisfaction | 1 |
| virgin island acculturation scale (tull, ambrose, & chambers, 2003) | 1 |
| working hours [own] | 1 |
To Do!
It seems as if there are still some inconsistencies and spelling problems in the terms and measures.
Interest over time
As with the validation scales we used the publication year of the articles, theses, book chapters to visualize empirical interest in the topic of acculturation over time. We offer a global, developmental overview of the field in Figure 8.
Figure 8: Histogram of the publication year for all included results.
We additionally assessed empirical developments in terms of publication type (see Figure 9) and data collection type (see Figure 10).
Figure 9: Density plot of the yearly publication frequency for by type of publication.
Figure 10: Density plot of the yearly publication frequency for by data collection method.
Other descriptors
## Frequencies
## dt.psych.included$MeasurementLevels
## Type: Character
##
## Freq % Valid % Valid Cum. % Total % Total Cum.
## ------------------------------ ------ --------- -------------- --------- --------------
## continuous (incl. scale) 445 84.92 84.92 84.60 84.60
## categorical 63 12.02 96.95 11.98 96.58
## N/A 14 2.67 99.62 2.66 99.24
## various 2 0.38 100.00 0.38 99.62
## <NA> 2 0.38 100.00
## Total 526 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00## Frequencies
## dt.psych.included$IncludesMajority
## Type: Numeric
##
## Freq % Valid % Valid Cum. % Total % Total Cum.
## ----------- ------ --------- -------------- --------- --------------
## 0 447 85.31 85.31 84.98 84.98
## 1 77 14.69 100.00 14.64 99.62
## <NA> 2 0.38 100.00
## Total 526 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00## Frequencies
## dt.psych.included$VariableType
## Type: Character
##
## Freq % Valid % Valid Cum. % Total % Total Cum.
## --------------------------- ------ --------- -------------- --------- --------------
## Predictor 285 54.39 54.39 54.18 54.18
## Dependent 148 28.24 82.63 28.14 82.32
## Correlation 37 7.06 89.69 7.03 89.35
## Predictor & Dependent 25 4.77 94.47 4.75 94.11
## Mediator 14 2.67 97.14 2.66 96.77
## Moderator 6 1.15 98.28 1.14 97.91
## N/A 5 0.95 99.24 0.95 98.86
## selection criterion 2 0.38 99.62 0.38 99.24
## Control 1 0.19 99.81 0.19 99.43
## validation; Predictor 1 0.19 100.00 0.19 99.62
## <NA> 2 0.38 100.00
## Total 526 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00## Frequencies
## dt.psych.included$Sample
## Type: Character
##
## Freq % Valid % Valid Cum. % Total % Total Cum.
## ------------------------------ ------ --------- -------------- --------- --------------
## general 283 54.01 54.01 53.80 53.80
## youth 67 12.79 66.79 12.74 66.54
## women 34 6.49 73.28 6.46 73.00
## elderly 23 4.39 77.67 4.37 77.38
## refugee 23 4.39 82.06 4.37 81.75
## students 18 3.44 85.50 3.42 85.17
## clinical 7 1.34 86.83 1.33 86.50
## refugee women 5 0.95 87.79 0.95 87.45
## any 3 0.57 88.36 0.57 88.02
## men 3 0.57 88.93 0.57 88.59
## N/A 3 0.57 89.50 0.57 89.16
## refugee youth 3 0.57 90.08 0.57 89.73
## youth women 3 0.57 90.65 0.57 90.30
## elderly women 2 0.38 91.03 0.38 90.68
## Jewish 2 0.38 91.41 0.38 91.06
## marital partner 2 0.38 91.79 0.38 91.44
## mothers 2 0.38 92.18 0.38 91.83
## muslim 2 0.38 92.56 0.38 92.21
## nurses 2 0.38 92.94 0.38 92.59
## old adults 2 0.38 93.32 0.38 92.97
## pregnant women 2 0.38 93.70 0.38 93.35
## refugee students 2 0.38 94.08 0.38 93.73
## several age groups 2 0.38 94.47 0.38 94.11
## undocumented migrant 2 0.38 94.85 0.38 94.49
## athletes 1 0.19 95.04 0.19 94.68
## athletes youth 1 0.19 95.23 0.19 94.87
## children 1 0.19 95.42 0.19 95.06
## day laborers 1 0.19 95.61 0.19 95.25
## drug users 1 0.19 95.80 0.19 95.44
## expatriates 1 0.19 95.99 0.19 95.63
## foreign domestic workers 1 0.19 96.18 0.19 95.82
## humanitarian 1 0.19 96.37 0.19 96.01
## husband men 1 0.19 96.56 0.19 96.20
## Jewish refugee 1 0.19 96.76 0.19 96.39
## military 1 0.19 96.95 0.19 96.58
## non-married 1 0.19 97.14 0.19 96.77
## parent 1 0.19 97.33 0.19 96.96
## refugee men 1 0.19 97.52 0.19 97.15
## religious 1 0.19 97.71 0.19 97.34
## siblings 1 0.19 97.90 0.19 97.53
## sikh women 1 0.19 98.09 0.19 97.72
## skilled migrants 1 0.19 98.28 0.19 97.91
## smokers 1 0.19 98.47 0.19 98.10
## sojourner 1 0.19 98.66 0.19 98.29
## soldiers 1 0.19 98.85 0.19 98.48
## spouses 1 0.19 99.05 0.19 98.67
## student women 1 0.19 99.24 0.19 98.86
## wife women 1 0.19 99.43 0.19 99.05
## women clinical 1 0.19 99.62 0.19 99.24
## worker 1 0.19 99.81 0.19 99.43
## Yucatec Maya youth 1 0.19 100.00 0.19 99.62
## <NA> 2 0.38 100.00
## Total 526 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00## Frequencies
## dt.psych.included$domainScale
## Type: Character
##
## Freq % Valid % Valid Cum. % Total % Total Cum.
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ --------- -------------- --------- --------------
## N/A 294 56.65 56.65 55.89 55.89
## general 115 22.16 78.81 21.86 77.76
## language, interaction, media, food 7 1.35 80.15 1.33 79.09
## stress (neg.) 7 1.35 81.50 1.33 80.42
## language use 6 1.16 82.66 1.14 81.56
## language use, social contact 6 1.16 83.82 1.14 82.70
## cultural traditions, language, marriage, social activities, friends 4 0.77 84.59 0.76 83.46
## Private domain (celebrations, eating food, child-rearing practices, cultural habits, cultural way oflife, self-reported cultural identity, and attributed cultural identity as seen by the respondent). Public domain (social contacts, friends at school, speaking the language, reading the language, education and courses, teachers, news and information, and reading newspapers). 4 0.77 85.36 0.76 84.22
## work, economic, social relations, family relations, religion, and ways of thinking 4 0.77 86.13 0.76 84.98
## identity 3 0.58 86.71 0.57 85.55
## cognitive information processing 2 0.39 87.09 0.38 85.93
## depression 2 0.39 87.48 0.38 86.31
## identification 2 0.39 87.86 0.38 86.69
## language, media consumption, food consumption, social relations, sense of belonging, and familiarity with culture 2 0.39 88.25 0.38 87.07
## life changes 2 0.39 88.63 0.38 87.45
## personal and social adjustment 2 0.39 89.02 0.38 87.83
## psychological, socio-cultural, economic 2 0.39 89.40 0.38 88.21
## values 2 0.39 89.79 0.38 88.59
## ? 1 0.19 89.98 0.19 88.78
## adaptation 1 0.19 90.17 0.19 88.97
## attachment to the nation 1 0.19 90.37 0.19 89.16
## clothing, pace of life, general knowledge, food, religious beliefs, material comfort, recreational activities, self-identity, family life, accommodation/residence, values, friendships, communication styles, cultural activities, language, employment activities, perceptions of co-nationals, perceptions of host nationals, political ideology, worldview, social customs 1 0.19 90.56 0.19 89.35
## contact, upbringing, language, culture, education 1 0.19 90.75 0.19 89.54
## cross-cultural contact and culture maintenance 1 0.19 90.94 0.19 89.73
## cultural identiy, language, cultural knowledge, food consumption 1 0.19 91.14 0.19 89.92
## cultural practice, and social networks 1 0.19 91.33 0.19 90.11
## Current socio-economic status, host culture, host identification, Affinity to hertitage culture, Housing, Social relations, Children’s schooling, Psychological integration, Basic language proficiency, Political integration, Preservation of socio-economic status, Adopting host life style 1 0.19 91.52 0.19 90.30
## degree of difficulty in dealing with practical, social, and interpersonal communication problems 1 0.19 91.71 0.19 90.49
## education, work 1 0.19 91.91 0.19 90.68
## emotional acculturation 1 0.19 92.10 0.19 90.87
## emotional belonging 1 0.19 92.29 0.19 91.06
## Emotional regulation, Openness, Flexibility, Creativity 1 0.19 92.49 0.19 91.25
## extrinsic and intrinsic cultural traits 1 0.19 92.68 0.19 91.44
## family values 1 0.19 92.87 0.19 91.63
## foods, music, customs, language, close friends 1 0.19 93.06 0.19 91.83
## friendship, children, cultural activity, media consumption, living in the neighbourhood 1 0.19 93.26 0.19 92.02
## government responsibility; holiday celebrations; economic principles; child rearing practices; social customs; and sporting 1 0.19 93.45 0.19 92.21
## growth (pos.) 1 0.19 93.64 0.19 92.40
## in-school behaviour 1 0.19 93.83 0.19 92.59
## integration strategies 1 0.19 94.03 0.19 92.78
## intention to return home, values, politics 1 0.19 94.22 0.19 92.97
## langauge, number of years in new country, identity 1 0.19 94.41 0.19 93.16
## language choice, identity, friendship choice, acculturative behaviours, generation/geographic background, and attitudes 1 0.19 94.61 0.19 93.35
## language difficulties, social support, economic situation, prejudice 1 0.19 94.80 0.19 93.54
## language skills, work, intercultural relations, discrimination, cultural/ethnic makeup of the community, identity, and well being 1 0.19 94.99 0.19 93.73
## language use / preference, social affiliation, daily living habits, cultural traditions, communication style, cultural identity / pride, perceived prejudice / discrimination, generational status, family socialization, cultural values 1 0.19 95.18 0.19 93.92
## language use, customs, cultural value, perceived discrimination, sociability 1 0.19 95.38 0.19 94.11
## language use, extrafamilial language use, social affiliation, cultural familiarity, and cultural identification and pride 1 0.19 95.57 0.19 94.30
## language use, mass media exposure, social interactions, identification, attachment 1 0.19 95.76 0.19 94.49
## Language use, values and beliefs, social environment, ethnic identity, cultural traditions and practices 1 0.19 95.95 0.19 94.68
## language, affiliation, general 1 0.19 96.15 0.19 94.87
## language, behaviors, social relations, sense of belonging, familiarity 1 0.19 96.34 0.19 95.06
## language, contact, social support, cultural distance 1 0.19 96.53 0.19 95.25
## language, employment 1 0.19 96.72 0.19 95.44
## language, food, friends, customs 1 0.19 96.92 0.19 95.63
## language, friendship, culture 1 0.19 97.11 0.19 95.82
## language, holidays, friends 1 0.19 97.30 0.19 96.01
## language, religion, alienation and belonging, traditions, customs, media, clothing, living conditions 1 0.19 97.50 0.19 96.20
## language, social interaction, food 1 0.19 97.69 0.19 96.39
## languages, food, close friends 1 0.19 97.88 0.19 96.58
## leisure 1 0.19 98.07 0.19 96.77
## life satisfaction 1 0.19 98.27 0.19 96.96
## loss, novelty, adaptation to work, adaptation to language, discrimination, and not feeling at home 1 0.19 98.46 0.19 97.15
## practical, social and interpersonal communication problems 1 0.19 98.65 0.19 97.34
## psychological and sociocultural adjustment 1 0.19 98.84 0.19 97.53
## psychological, economic, political, social, linguistic, and navigational 1 0.19 99.04 0.19 97.72
## Social, residential, personal 1 0.19 99.23 0.19 97.91
## sociocultural adaptation 1 0.19 99.42 0.19 98.10
## success 1 0.19 99.61 0.19 98.29
## tradition 1 0.19 99.81 0.19 98.48
## vocational stress 1 0.19 100.00 0.19 98.67
## <NA> 7 1.33 100.00
## Total 526 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00## Frequencies
## dt.psych.included$domainPaper
## Type: Character
##
## Freq % Valid % Valid Cum. % Total % Total Cum.
## ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ --------- -------------- --------- --------------
## acculturation 85 16.38 16.38 16.16 16.16
## mental health (neg.) 50 9.63 26.01 9.51 25.67
## health behavior 23 4.43 30.44 4.37 30.04
## well-being 23 4.43 34.87 4.37 34.41
## adaptation 21 4.05 38.92 3.99 38.40
## depression 21 4.05 42.97 3.99 42.40
## health 19 3.66 46.63 3.61 46.01
## adjustment 16 3.08 49.71 3.04 49.05
## stress (neg.) 14 2.70 52.41 2.66 51.71
## distress 12 2.31 54.72 2.28 53.99
## intercultural relations 9 1.73 56.45 1.71 55.70
## physical health 9 1.73 58.19 1.71 57.41
## physical and mental health 7 1.35 59.54 1.33 58.75
## eating behavior 6 1.16 60.69 1.14 59.89
## integration 6 1.16 61.85 1.14 61.03
## cultural identity 4 0.77 62.62 0.76 61.79
## intimate partner violence 4 0.77 63.39 0.76 62.55
## marital functioning 4 0.77 64.16 0.76 63.31
## physical activity 4 0.77 64.93 0.76 64.07
## psychological adjustment 4 0.77 65.70 0.76 64.83
## smoking 4 0.77 66.47 0.76 65.59
## employment 3 0.58 67.05 0.57 66.16
## ethnic identity 3 0.58 67.63 0.57 66.73
## experience 3 0.58 68.21 0.57 67.30
## intergroup behavior 3 0.58 68.79 0.57 67.87
## values 3 0.58 69.36 0.57 68.44
## academic achievement 2 0.39 69.75 0.38 68.82
## adaptation problems 2 0.39 70.13 0.38 69.20
## alcohol use 2 0.39 70.52 0.38 69.58
## consumer behavior 2 0.39 70.91 0.38 69.96
## cultural health beliefs 2 0.39 71.29 0.38 70.34
## dietary acculturation 2 0.39 71.68 0.38 70.72
## discrimination 2 0.39 72.06 0.38 71.10
## eating disorder 2 0.39 72.45 0.38 71.48
## emotional acculturation 2 0.39 72.83 0.38 71.86
## flourishing 2 0.39 73.22 0.38 72.24
## identification 2 0.39 73.60 0.38 72.62
## identity 2 0.39 73.99 0.38 73.00
## intermarriage 2 0.39 74.37 0.38 73.38
## job satisfaction 2 0.39 74.76 0.38 73.76
## life satisfaction 2 0.39 75.14 0.38 74.14
## marital satisfaction 2 0.39 75.53 0.38 74.52
## multiculturalism 2 0.39 75.92 0.38 74.90
## overweight 2 0.39 76.30 0.38 75.29
## personality 2 0.39 76.69 0.38 75.67
## risk behavior 2 0.39 77.07 0.38 76.05
## social anxiety 2 0.39 77.46 0.38 76.43
## social integration 2 0.39 77.84 0.38 76.81
## sociocultural adaptation 2 0.39 78.23 0.38 77.19
## sociocultural adjustment 2 0.39 78.61 0.38 77.57
## acculturation potential 1 0.19 78.81 0.19 77.76
## acculturation scale validation 1 0.19 79.00 0.19 77.95
## aging 1 0.19 79.19 0.19 78.14
## alcohol consumption 1 0.19 79.38 0.19 78.33
## assimilation 1 0.19 79.58 0.19 78.52
## asthma 1 0.19 79.77 0.19 78.71
## attachment to the nation 1 0.19 79.96 0.19 78.90
## biculturalism and life domains 1 0.19 80.15 0.19 79.09
## body mass 1 0.19 80.35 0.19 79.28
## bonding, depression 1 0.19 80.54 0.19 79.47
## cannabis use 1 0.19 80.73 0.19 79.66
## career choice 1 0.19 80.92 0.19 79.85
## career success 1 0.19 81.12 0.19 80.04
## change in diet 1 0.19 81.31 0.19 80.23
## child birth weight 1 0.19 81.50 0.19 80.42
## civic beliefs 1 0.19 81.70 0.19 80.61
## cognitive development 1 0.19 81.89 0.19 80.80
## cognitive information processing 1 0.19 82.08 0.19 80.99
## computer use 1 0.19 82.27 0.19 81.18
## conflict ethos 1 0.19 82.47 0.19 81.37
## consumer loyalty 1 0.19 82.66 0.19 81.56
## contraception use 1 0.19 82.85 0.19 81.75
## cultural transmission 1 0.19 83.04 0.19 81.94
## cultural value fit 1 0.19 83.24 0.19 82.13
## dating violence 1 0.19 83.43 0.19 82.32
## development 1 0.19 83.62 0.19 82.51
## diabetes risk 1 0.19 83.82 0.19 82.70
## diet 1 0.19 84.01 0.19 82.89
## dietary behavior 1 0.19 84.20 0.19 83.08
## disabilities 1 0.19 84.39 0.19 83.27
## domestic violence 1 0.19 84.59 0.19 83.46
## drinking behavior 1 0.19 84.78 0.19 83.65
## economic participation 1 0.19 84.97 0.19 83.84
## engagement 1 0.19 85.16 0.19 84.03
## English Literacy 1 0.19 85.36 0.19 84.22
## Ethnic group affiliation 1 0.19 85.55 0.19 84.41
## ethnic label 1 0.19 85.74 0.19 84.60
## family loyalty 1 0.19 85.93 0.19 84.79
## family relationships 1 0.19 86.13 0.19 84.98
## food insecurity 1 0.19 86.32 0.19 85.17
## friendship 1 0.19 86.51 0.19 85.36
## gender roles 1 0.19 86.71 0.19 85.55
## gender roles and rights 1 0.19 86.90 0.19 85.74
## general 1 0.19 87.09 0.19 85.93
## identity conflict 1 0.19 87.28 0.19 86.12
## importance social connectedness 1 0.19 87.48 0.19 86.31
## individualism-collectivism 1 0.19 87.67 0.19 86.50
## infant feeding choices 1 0.19 87.86 0.19 86.69
## integration experience 1 0.19 88.05 0.19 86.88
## integration strategies 1 0.19 88.25 0.19 87.07
## intention to access psychological services 1 0.19 88.44 0.19 87.26
## intention to leave 1 0.19 88.63 0.19 87.45
## interaction quality 1 0.19 88.82 0.19 87.64
## intergroup relations 1 0.19 89.02 0.19 87.83
## internet use 1 0.19 89.21 0.19 88.02
## language anxiety 1 0.19 89.40 0.19 88.21
## language dominance, cultural dominance 1 0.19 89.60 0.19 88.40
## language orientation 1 0.19 89.79 0.19 88.59
## language skills 1 0.19 89.98 0.19 88.78
## language, religion, alienation and belonging, traditions, customs, media, clothing, living conditions 1 0.19 90.17 0.19 88.97
## leadership preferences 1 0.19 90.37 0.19 89.16
## leisure 1 0.19 90.56 0.19 89.35
## life satisfaction, competence 1 0.19 90.75 0.19 89.54
## Loss of homeland 1 0.19 90.94 0.19 89.73
## marriage 1 0.19 91.14 0.19 89.92
## migration experience 1 0.19 91.33 0.19 90.11
## minority experience 1 0.19 91.52 0.19 90.30
## mood dysfunction 1 0.19 91.71 0.19 90.49
## moral development 1 0.19 91.91 0.19 90.68
## motivation 1 0.19 92.10 0.19 90.87
## narratives 1 0.19 92.29 0.19 91.06
## naturalization 1 0.19 92.49 0.19 91.25
## oral health 1 0.19 92.68 0.19 91.44
## Organizational Temporality 1 0.19 92.87 0.19 91.63
## pain 1 0.19 93.06 0.19 91.83
## perceived ethnic density 1 0.19 93.26 0.19 92.02
## perceived health 1 0.19 93.45 0.19 92.21
## political involvement 1 0.19 93.64 0.19 92.40
## political participation 1 0.19 93.83 0.19 92.59
## political trust 1 0.19 94.03 0.19 92.78
## psychological and sociocultural adjustment 1 0.19 94.22 0.19 92.97
## psychological functioning 1 0.19 94.41 0.19 93.16
## reading behavior 1 0.19 94.61 0.19 93.35
## rejection-identification 1 0.19 94.80 0.19 93.54
## religious practices 1 0.19 94.99 0.19 93.73
## risk perceptions 1 0.19 95.18 0.19 93.92
## safety behavior 1 0.19 95.38 0.19 94.11
## savings behavior 1 0.19 95.57 0.19 94.30
## segmented assimilation theory 1 0.19 95.76 0.19 94.49
## self-efficacy 1 0.19 95.95 0.19 94.68
## self-esteem 1 0.19 96.15 0.19 94.87
## settlement strategies 1 0.19 96.34 0.19 95.06
## sexual relations 1 0.19 96.53 0.19 95.25
## sexual violence 1 0.19 96.72 0.19 95.44
## social pain 1 0.19 96.92 0.19 95.63
## social participation 1 0.19 97.11 0.19 95.82
## social readjustment 1 0.19 97.30 0.19 96.01
## social status 1 0.19 97.50 0.19 96.20
## Spiritual Well-Being 1 0.19 97.69 0.19 96.39
## sport acculturation 1 0.19 97.88 0.19 96.58
## subjective well-being 1 0.19 98.07 0.19 96.77
## substance abuse 1 0.19 98.27 0.19 96.96
## substance use 1 0.19 98.46 0.19 97.15
## success 1 0.19 98.65 0.19 97.34
## suicide attitudes 1 0.19 98.84 0.19 97.53
## trauma 1 0.19 99.04 0.19 97.72
## victimization 1 0.19 99.23 0.19 97.91
## violence 1 0.19 99.42 0.19 98.10
## vocational stress 1 0.19 99.61 0.19 98.29
## work place relationships 1 0.19 99.81 0.19 98.48
## workplace practices 1 0.19 100.00 0.19 98.67
## <NA> 7 1.33 100.00
## Total 526 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00## Frequencies
## dt.psych.included$MigrationTime
## Type: Character
##
## Freq % Valid % Valid Cum. % Total % Total Cum.
## ---------------- ------ --------- -------------- --------- --------------
## post 512 97.71 97.71 97.34 97.34
## pre & post 10 1.91 99.62 1.90 99.24
## potential 2 0.38 100.00 0.38 99.62
## <NA> 2 0.38 100.00
## Total 526 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00Sample
To gain a deeper understanding of the study setups in the empirical studies we coded the type of sample recruited (Figure 11).
Figure 11: Bar graph of the study samples used in the empirical studies.
Again the category general refers to a sampling strategy in which any consenting adult would be able to participate in the study.
Beyond the sample group itself we also coded which time point in the migration process was targeted. Table 11 showcases that an overwhelming majority of studies targets migrants only after they had left their country of origin.
| Migration Time | Frequency |
|---|---|
| post | 512 |
| pre & post | 10 |
| potential | 2 |
Additionally, only a minority of studies included data on the acculturation process from the majority and migrant perspective jointly (see Table 12).
| Majority members | Frequency |
|---|---|
| no | 447 |
| yes | 77 |
Dimensions
Again, a major focus of our coding was the role of affect, behavior, cognition, and desires in the measurement of acculturation. Based the ABCD framework of human experiences, we independently distinguished between emotional (affect), behavioral, cognitive, and need-based measurements of of acculturation.
Figure 12 shows how often each of the four dimensions was coded.
Figure 12: Bar graph of the counts for each of the dimensions across all included empirical works.
Again, we also plot how often each of the dimensions were measured together. A bar graph of the compound frequencies is shown Figure 13 and a network graph of frequencies and co-occurrences is shown in Figure 15.
Figure 13: Bar graph of the counts for each of the dimension combinations.
To Do: Alternative needed (?)
Parallel coordinates plot is frequently recommended in the literature of multidimensional visualizations but does not paint a clear picture here - in my opinion. Look for alternative.
Figure 14: Parralel coordinate graph showcasing the dimension combinations.
Figure 15: Network graph of the dimension frequencies and co-occurences. The nodes (i.e., circles) represent the concepts so that the size of the circle indicates the number of times concept was coded and the edges (i.e., connections) represent the co-occurences so that the width of the line indicates how often the concepts were measured in one scale.
Domains
We, again, coded which life domains the acculturation measures referred to, either as part of subscale labels, factor labels, explicit commentary of the authors, or clear question wordings (see Figure 16).
Figure 16: Wordcloud of the scale domains in empirical results.
Focus of the Paper
For the empirical works we also coded the main focus of the papers. The wordcloud of the topics illustrates that although a majority of articles also have acculturation as their main focus, health and adjustment are also fields that measured acculturation in their empirical works (see Figure 17).
Figure 17: Wordcloud of the article foci in the empirical results.
Countries
Similar as for the validation studies we again coded the cultural context the empirical studies. Again, we coded both the migrants’ country of origin as well as the country of the receiving society, in which the study was conducted (see Figure 18).
Figure 18: Bar graph of frequencies for host countries and countries of origin.
Analysis
Finally, we also coded what kind of analyses the authors conducted with the acculturation measurements in the empirical studies (see Table 13).
| Analysis | Frequency |
|---|---|
| regression (incl. PROCESS) | 277 |
| mean difference | 57 |
| SEM | 47 |
| correlation | 41 |
| validation | 32 |
| descriptive (static) | 18 |
| longitudinal (dynamic) | 18 |
| content analysis | 8 |
| cluster | 7 |
| lagged regression | 3 |
| N/A | 3 |
| lagged (dynamic) | 2 |
| participant selection | 2 |
| dynamic | 1 |
| open and axial coding, and constant comparative coding | 1 |
| path analysis | 1 |
| phenomenological praxis | 1 |
| process (dynamic) | 1 |
| Social Network Analysis | 1 |
| static | 1 |
Additionally, we coded where in the model the acculturation measure was placed (see Table 14).
| Variable Type | Frequency |
|---|---|
| Predictor | 285 |
| Dependent | 148 |
| Correlation | 37 |
| Predictor & Dependent | 25 |
| Mediator | 14 |
| Moderator | 6 |
| N/A | 5 |
| selection criterion | 2 |
| Control | 1 |
| validation; Predictor | 1 |
Empirical: Keywords & Fields
To assess the differences between fields we merged the Scimago Journal Ranking Database with our empirical review. For all available journal articles we added information on key journal metrics:
- Scimago Journal Rank Indicator (SJR, year-average weighted citations of articles published in past 3-year period)
- H Index (h number of articles that have been cited at least h times)
- Number of articles published in 2019
- Number of articles published in 2017, 2018, 2019
- Number of references in published articles (2019)
- Number of citations in 2016-2018
- Number of citable documents 2016-2018
- Average number of citations per document in a 2-year period
- Average number of references per document in 2019
- Country of publisher
- Region of publisher
- Time period of journal activity (Coverage)
- Keywords (Categories)
- Field
Journals
Note that dissertations, book chapters, and books were excluded from this analysis because data on their publishers is not readily available or unreliable. Additionally, 10 journals were not included in the Scimago database (likely because they do not have an ISSN identifier or were discontinued before 1996; see Table 15 for the missing Journals).
| Journal Name |
|---|
| Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy |
| Journal of Immigrant Health |
| Journal of Mental Health Counseling |
| Arab Journal of Psychiatry |
| The Irish Journal of Psychology |
| International Review of Applied Psychology |
| Journal of Nutrition Education |
| Archives of General Psychiatry |
| Psychological Monographs: General and Applied |
| Zeitschrift für Psychologie |
This meant that we ultimately had journal metrics for 437 empirical articles. The frequencies of the journals, and a selection of their impact metrics is shown in Table 16.
| Journal | N | SJR | CitesDoc2years | Hindex | RefDoc | TotalDocs3years | PublisherCountry |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health | 53 | 0,718 | 1,64 | 51 | 39,69 | 554 | United States |
| International Journal of Intercultural Relations | 43 | 0,721 | 2,39 | 75 | 66,32 | 163 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology | 14 | 1,086 | 2,45 | 106 | 60,28 | 272 | United States |
| Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology | 11 | 1,343 | 2,72 | 74 | 26,07 | 177 | United States |
| International Journal of Psychology | 10 | 0,651 | 1,61 | 58 | 29,74 | 212 | United States |
| International Journal of Social Psychiatry | 8 | 0,676 | 1,73 | 58 | 43,21 | 291 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Community Psychology | 6 | 0,462 | 1,43 | 82 | 57,08 | 222 | United States |
| Journal of Transcultural Nursing | 5 | 0,578 | 1,53 | 46 | 33,82 | 248 | United States |
| American Journal of Community Psychology | 4 | 0,829 | 2,33 | 109 | 59,36 | 263 | United States |
| American Journal of Orthopsychiatry | 4 | 0,930 | 2,41 | 91 | 37,70 | 226 | United States |
| European Journal of Social Psychology | 4 | 1,401 | 2,96 | 106 | 70,72 | 240 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Applied Social Psychology | 4 | 0,835 | 1,89 | 104 | 61,00 | 181 | United States |
| Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work | 4 | 0,553 | 2,04 | 27 | 46,55 | 92 | United States |
| Journal of Social Psychology | 4 | 0,555 | 1,84 | 72 | 47,68 | 173 | United States |
| Social Science and Medicine | 4 | 1,944 | 4,34 | 229 | 60,01 | 1594 | United Kingdom |
| Social Science Research | 4 | 1,180 | 2,32 | 82 | 71,58 | 368 | United States |
| Transcultural Psychiatry | 4 | 0,630 | 2,03 | 52 | 56,51 | 126 | United Kingdom |
| Aging and Mental Health | 3 | 1,053 | 2,86 | 82 | 48,50 | 549 | United Kingdom |
| Australian Psychologist | 3 | 0,573 | 1,67 | 44 | 51,70 | 169 | United States |
| Child Development | 3 | 2,880 | 5,61 | 243 | 60,17 | 515 | United States |
| Ethnicity and Health | 3 | 0,688 | 2,85 | 54 | 46,01 | 232 | United Kingdom |
| European Psychologist | 3 | 1,224 | 3,29 | 52 | 67,11 | 75 | United States |
| Frontiers in Psychology | 3 | 0,914 | 2,54 | 95 | 59,14 | 6884 | Switzerland |
| International Journal of Behavioral Development | 3 | 1,159 | 2,21 | 86 | 47,68 | 205 | United States |
| Issues in Mental Health Nursing | 3 | 0,396 | 1,12 | 57 | 33,00 | 458 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology | 3 | 0,687 | 2,26 | 60 | 47,27 | 121 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology | 3 | 0,505 | 1,28 | 38 | 53,74 | 82 | United States |
| Journal of Health and Social Behavior | 3 | 1,314 | 2,29 | 122 | 50,69 | 118 | United States |
| Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment | 3 | 0,300 | 0,81 | 30 | 41,25 | 213 | United States |
| Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology | 3 | 0,283 | 0,86 | 12 | 56,94 | 55 | United Kingdom |
| Nicotine and Tobacco Research | 3 | 1,625 | 3,43 | 108 | 30,88 | 835 | United Kingdom |
| PLoS ONE | 3 | 1,023 | 2,94 | 300 | 45,68 | 63029 | United States |
| Psychological Reports | 3 | 0,469 | 1,75 | 63 | 52,30 | 238 | United States |
| Social Indicators Research | 3 | 0,875 | 2,21 | 99 | 58,08 | 986 | Netherlands |
| AIDS and Behavior | 2 | 1,783 | 3,55 | 99 | 46,94 | 1100 | Netherlands |
| American Journal of Health Promotion | 2 | 0,838 | 2,11 | 87 | 26,29 | 400 | United States |
| American Journal of Public Health | 2 | 2,210 | 4,20 | 253 | 14,98 | 1816 | United States |
| Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science | 2 | 0,977 | 2,25 | 94 | 49,68 | 267 | United States |
| Applied Research in Quality of Life | 2 | 0,527 | 2,13 | 28 | 60,54 | 204 | Netherlands |
| Asian American Journal of Psychology | 2 | 0,621 | 1,21 | 26 | 43,97 | 91 | United States |
| Asian Journal of Social Psychology | 2 | 0,445 | 1,20 | 47 | 45,74 | 102 | United Kingdom |
| Basic and Applied Social Psychology | 2 | 0,591 | 1,83 | 64 | 60,84 | 102 | United States |
| BMC Psychiatry | 2 | 1,341 | 3,15 | 88 | 47,98 | 1269 | United Kingdom |
| Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science | 2 | 0,461 | 1,04 | 50 | 24,84 | 86 | United States |
| Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal | 2 | 0,588 | 1,41 | 40 | 53,56 | 148 | United States |
| Cross-Cultural Research | 2 | 0,561 | 2,26 | 38 | 64,75 | 62 | United States |
| Developmental Psychology | 2 | 2,258 | 3,81 | 203 | 43,41 | 557 | United States |
| Ethnic and Racial Studies | 2 | 1,034 | 1,88 | 87 | 43,93 | 539 | United Kingdom |
| General Hospital Psychiatry | 2 | 1,430 | 3,08 | 100 | 45,33 | 292 | Netherlands |
| Health Care for Women International | 2 | 0,442 | 1,08 | 49 | 40,55 | 297 | United Kingdom |
| Hellenic Journal of Psychology | 2 | 0,165 | 0,25 | 7 | 53,82 | 48 | Greece |
| Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences | 2 | 0,438 | 1,00 | 59 | 35,81 | 88 | United States |
| International Journal of Aging and Human Development | 2 | 0,504 | 1,52 | 55 | 45,75 | 126 | United States |
| International Journal of Public Opinion Research | 2 | 1,852 | 2,96 | 52 | 48,25 | 82 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Adolescence | 2 | 1,186 | 3,16 | 109 | 55,04 | 447 | United States |
| Journal of Aging and Health | 2 | 1,062 | 2,36 | 71 | 49,83 | 232 | United States |
| Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research | 2 | 0,615 | 1,68 | 52 | 44,25 | 164 | United States |
| Journal of Child and Family Studies | 2 | 0,793 | 1,72 | 70 | 58,46 | 1001 | United States |
| Journal of Interpersonal Violence | 2 | 0,938 | 5,38 | 99 | 51,87 | 1219 | United States |
| Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied | 2 | 0,660 | 2,05 | 58 | 58,41 | 140 | United States |
| Journal of Psychosomatic Research | 2 | 1,053 | 3,09 | 148 | 44,55 | 514 | United States |
| Journal of Youth and Adolescence | 2 | 1,773 | 3,83 | 110 | 57,77 | 495 | Netherlands |
| Journal of Youth Studies | 2 | 0,928 | 2,32 | 50 | 57,03 | 254 | United Kingdom |
| Management Communication Quarterly | 2 | 0,784 | 1,95 | 60 | 51,13 | 91 | United States |
| Mental Health, Religion and Culture | 2 | 0,284 | 0,53 | 40 | 47,01 | 255 | United Kingdom |
| Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin | 2 | 2,082 | 3,68 | 185 | 60,51 | 355 | United States |
| Preventive Medicine | 2 | 1,744 | 4,01 | 164 | 39,49 | 1062 | United States |
| Psychology in Russia: State of the Art | 2 | 0,191 | 0,50 | 8 | 38,29 | 181 | Russian Federation |
| Social Behavior and Personality | 2 | 0,357 | 0,85 | 53 | 35,72 | 473 | New Zealand |
| Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology | 2 | 1,775 | 4,23 | 116 | 47,94 | 461 | Germany |
| Substance Use and Misuse | 2 | 0,671 | 1,71 | 76 | 48,52 | 680 | United Kingdom |
| Universitas Psychologica | 2 | 0,227 | 0,45 | 21 | 41,09 | 329 | Colombia |
| Academic Psychiatry | 1 | 0,566 | 1,45 | 40 | 16,14 | 594 | United States |
| Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica | 1 | 2,516 | 5,95 | 140 | 48,82 | 420 | United Kingdom |
| Adult Education Quarterly | 1 | 0,732 | 1,90 | 45 | 53,04 | 49 | United Kingdom |
| Alcohol and Alcoholism | 1 | 0,793 | 2,24 | 94 | 30,55 | 316 | United Kingdom |
| American Behavioral Scientist | 1 | 0,781 | 2,05 | 102 | 48,13 | 336 | United States |
| American Journal of Men’s Health | 1 | 0,689 | 2,13 | 31 | 40,90 | 467 | United States |
| American Journal of Psychiatry | 1 | 6,071 | 11,87 | 344 | 25,51 | 721 | United States |
| Appetite | 1 | 1,341 | 3,99 | 133 | 54,04 | 1334 | Netherlands |
| Applied Developmental Science | 1 | 0,876 | 3,00 | 69 | 69,03 | 82 | United States |
| Archives of Psychiatric Nursing | 1 | 0,495 | 1,48 | 47 | 42,60 | 380 | United Kingdom |
| Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health | 1 | 0,551 | 1,27 | 33 | 25,88 | 281 | United States |
| Assessment | 1 | 2,040 | 4,09 | 80 | 61,32 | 253 | United States |
| British Journal of Guidance and Counselling | 1 | 0,287 | 1,03 | 43 | 49,99 | 177 | United States |
| British Journal of Social Psychology | 1 | 1,501 | 3,20 | 93 | 63,44 | 139 | United States |
| Canadian Journal of Psychiatry | 1 | 1,966 | 3,71 | 109 | 40,06 | 327 | Canada |
| Canadian Journal of School Psychology | 1 | 0,283 | 0,91 | 27 | 48,50 | 62 | United Kingdom |
| Canadian Journal on Aging | 1 | 0,506 | 1,54 | 42 | 43,94 | 140 | Canada |
| Career Development International | 1 | 1,052 | 3,49 | 56 | 75,17 | 119 | United Kingdom |
| Clinical Gerontologist | 1 | 0,551 | 2,04 | 30 | 40,88 | 141 | United States |
| Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health | 1 | 0,442 | 1,65 | 45 | 38,36 | 79 | United Arab Emirates |
| Communication Monographs | 1 | 1,979 | 5,57 | 66 | 59,17 | 81 | United Kingdom |
| Contemporary Drug Problems | 1 | 0,674 | 1,95 | 11 | 68,33 | 70 | United States |
| Counseling Psychologist | 1 | 1,055 | 1,96 | 74 | 75,35 | 142 | United States |
| Cross Cultural and Strategic Management | 1 | 0,825 | 2,63 | 37 | 105,55 | 101 | United Kingdom |
| Culture, Health and Sexuality | 1 | 0,952 | 2,52 | 60 | 42,51 | 307 | United Kingdom |
| Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry | 1 | 0,629 | 1,55 | 54 | 62,09 | 117 | United States |
| Current Opinion in Psychology | 1 | 1,978 | 5,05 | 33 | 48,91 | 486 | United Kingdom |
| Current Psychology | 1 | 0,506 | 3,04 | 39 | 57,06 | 569 | United States |
| Current Research in Social Psychology | 1 | 0,144 | 0,08 | 21 | 0,00 | 18 | United States |
| Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking | 1 | 1,352 | 3,18 | 133 | 27,32 | 407 | United States |
| Development and Psychopathology | 1 | 1,739 | 3,92 | 164 | 83,16 | 384 | United Kingdom |
| Drug and Alcohol Dependence | 1 | 1,909 | 4,22 | 158 | 46,39 | 1356 | Netherlands |
| Eating and Weight Disorders | 1 | 0,728 | 4,07 | 41 | 44,74 | 273 | Switzerland |
| European Journal of Marketing | 1 | 1,033 | 2,94 | 91 | 78,44 | 333 | United Kingdom |
| Hispanic Health Care International | 1 | 0,223 | 0,35 | 14 | 26,16 | 93 | United States |
| Human Organization | 1 | 0,365 | 0,83 | 51 | 60,97 | 97 | United States |
| Identity | 1 | 0,478 | 1,05 | 29 | 49,05 | 69 | United Kingdom |
| International Journal of Culture and Mental Health | 1 | 0,227 | 0,80 | 11 | 35,00 | 161 | United Kingdom |
| International Journal of Hospitality Management | 1 | 2,217 | 8,43 | 106 | 76,16 | 373 | United Kingdom |
| International Nursing Review | 1 | 0,695 | 2,12 | 48 | 28,35 | 231 | United Kingdom |
| International Review for the Sociology of Sport | 1 | 0,860 | 2,65 | 54 | 61,87 | 164 | United Kingdom |
| International Review of Social Psychology | 1 | 1,103 | 3,45 | 18 | 43,33 | 48 | United Kingdom |
| International Social Work | 1 | 0,445 | 1,10 | 40 | 44,00 | 307 | United Kingdom |
| Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | 1 | 0,898 | 1,15 | 68 | 58,53 | 162 | United States |
| Journal of Advertising | 1 | 3,373 | 9,29 | 101 | 63,31 | 122 | United States |
| Journal of Affective Disorders | 1 | 1,945 | 4,45 | 174 | 52,72 | 2359 | Netherlands |
| Journal of Aging Studies | 1 | 0,613 | 1,61 | 58 | 54,67 | 112 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Anxiety Disorders | 1 | 2,056 | 3,34 | 107 | 56,73 | 272 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Behavioral Medicine | 1 | 1,225 | 3,23 | 90 | 48,90 | 288 | United States |
| Journal of Black Studies | 1 | 0,349 | 0,65 | 38 | 50,25 | 125 | United States |
| Journal of Cancer Education | 1 | 0,564 | 1,65 | 40 | 26,61 | 469 | United States |
| Journal of Clinical Nursing | 1 | 0,809 | 2,37 | 96 | 42,34 | 1427 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Community Health | 1 | 0,719 | 1,69 | 59 | 32,43 | 474 | Netherlands |
| Journal of Comparative Family Studies | 1 | 0,237 | 0,31 | 37 | 43,88 | 88 | Canada |
| Journal of Conflict Resolution | 1 | 3,031 | 3,44 | 101 | 62,19 | 206 | United States |
| Journal of Consumer Marketing | 1 | 0,751 | 1,99 | 91 | 65,48 | 179 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Counseling Psychology | 1 | 2,533 | 4,48 | 126 | 31,38 | 195 | United States |
| Journal of Early Adolescence | 1 | 1,108 | 2,34 | 66 | 61,13 | 140 | United States |
| Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health | 1 | 1,710 | 3,89 | 162 | 36,33 | 541 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Family Psychology | 1 | 1,376 | 2,41 | 115 | 31,89 | 329 | United States |
| Journal of Family Violence | 1 | 0,697 | 1,72 | 74 | 49,13 | 229 | United States |
| Journal of Gerontological Social Work | 1 | 0,413 | 1,18 | 40 | 25,37 | 166 | United States |
| Journal of Happiness Studies | 1 | 1,193 | 3,20 | 67 | 65,89 | 343 | Netherlands |
| Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics | 1 | 0,991 | 3,54 | 64 | 45,08 | 245 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Management and Organization | 1 | 0,505 | 2,79 | 30 | 73,30 | 192 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Managerial Psychology | 1 | 1,046 | 2,17 | 74 | 50,80 | 156 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Marriage and Family | 1 | 1,671 | 2,66 | 152 | 58,54 | 257 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Mental Health | 1 | 0,910 | 2,85 | 63 | 42,29 | 289 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development | 1 | 1,314 | 2,00 | 40 | 40,67 | 50 | United States |
| Journal of Muslim Mental Health | 1 | 0,376 | 0,19 | 17 | 46,18 | 31 | United States |
| Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease | 1 | 0,832 | 1,85 | 118 | 38,92 | 460 | United States |
| Journal of Nursing Scholarship | 1 | 1,074 | 3,04 | 76 | 35,06 | 236 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Personality | 1 | 2,593 | 4,40 | 135 | 65,14 | 205 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | 1 | 4,539 | 7,37 | 351 | 50,77 | 341 | United States |
| Journal of Personality Assessment | 1 | 1,221 | 2,78 | 95 | 52,57 | 214 | United States |
| Journal of physical activity & health | 1 | 0,777 | 2,05 | 68 | 39,68 | 543 | United States |
| Journal of Primary Prevention | 1 | 0,622 | 1,86 | 52 | 40,54 | 116 | United States |
| Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing | 1 | 0,618 | 2,15 | 60 | 45,90 | 223 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of School Psychology | 1 | 1,789 | 4,13 | 89 | 77,62 | 146 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Social and Personal Relationships | 1 | 1,099 | 2,80 | 79 | 55,94 | 173 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of Social Service Research | 1 | 0,296 | 0,90 | 33 | 47,74 | 162 | United States |
| Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners | 1 | 0,473 | 1,42 | 16 | 13,84 | 332 | United Kingdom |
| Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association | 1 | 0,481 | 1,66 | 28 | 30,52 | 143 | United States |
| Journal of the National Medical Association | 1 | 0,355 | 1,12 | 66 | 28,77 | 201 | United States |
| Journal of Traumatic Stress | 1 | 0,939 | 2,22 | 130 | 44,67 | 259 | United States |
| Journal of Vocational Behavior | 1 | 2,210 | 5,40 | 141 | 81,80 | 242 | United States |
| Journal of Women’s Health | 1 | 1,042 | 2,29 | 93 | 34,05 | 582 | United States |
| Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences | 1 | 1,591 | 3,54 | 142 | 36,50 | 415 | United States |
| Kinesiology | 1 | 0,454 | 1,48 | 19 | 34,53 | 113 | Croatia |
| Leisure Sciences | 1 | 0,597 | 2,52 | 62 | 57,77 | 131 | United Kingdom |
| Marriage and Family Review | 1 | 0,659 | 1,46 | 37 | 55,60 | 123 | United States |
| Mass Communication and Society | 1 | 2,252 | 2,74 | 32 | 58,43 | 116 | United States |
| Maternal and Child Health Journal | 1 | 1,014 | 2,10 | 80 | 30,56 | 801 | United States |
| Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development | 1 | 0,417 | 1,96 | 46 | 46,83 | 67 | United States |
| Narrative Inquiry | 1 | 0,339 | 1,05 | 41 | 54,22 | 56 | Netherlands |
| New Zealand Journal of Psychology | 1 | 0,263 | 0,48 | 29 | 41,16 | 59 | New Zealand |
| Open Psychology Journal | 1 | 0,236 | 0,81 | 9 | 45,70 | 63 | Netherlands |
| Pediatric obesity | 1 | 1,455 | 3,65 | 63 | 39,37 | 274 | United Kingdom |
| Perceptual and Motor Skills | 1 | 0,459 | 1,51 | 64 | 47,66 | 259 | United States |
| Personality and Individual Differences | 1 | 1,288 | 2,90 | 155 | 47,25 | 1966 | United Kingdom |
| Prevention Science | 1 | 1,407 | 3,38 | 81 | 46,86 | 323 | Netherlands |
| Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | 1 | 5,165 | 9,35 | 737 | 45,05 | 11653 | United States |
| Psicologia Conductual | 1 | 0,334 | 1,18 | 21 | 52,19 | 82 | Spain |
| Psicologia Sociale | 1 | 0,222 | 0,61 | 7 | 59,10 | 50 | Italy |
| Psychiatrikē = Psychiatriki | 1 | 0,220 | 0,40 | 12 | 0,00 | 96 | Greece |
| Psychiatry Research | 1 | 1,019 | 2,49 | 127 | 50,21 | 2525 | Ireland |
| Psychology and Developing Societies | 1 | 0,171 | 0,35 | 17 | 50,92 | 38 | India |
| Psychology and Health | 1 | 1,007 | 2,96 | 85 | 57,90 | 269 | United Kingdom |
| Psychology in the Schools | 1 | 0,676 | 1,53 | 71 | 58,39 | 257 | United States |
| Qualitative Health Research | 1 | 1,571 | 3,18 | 106 | 51,45 | 527 | United States |
| Reading Research Quarterly | 1 | 2,060 | 4,40 | 86 | 81,84 | 83 | United States |
| Research in Nursing and Health | 1 | 0,758 | 2,39 | 81 | 36,38 | 189 | United States |
| Risk Analysis | 1 | 1,092 | 3,58 | 124 | 54,31 | 561 | United Kingdom |
| Scandinavian Journal of Psychology | 1 | 0,794 | 1,81 | 69 | 54,71 | 221 | United Kingdom |
| Social Identities | 1 | 0,347 | 1,14 | 33 | 46,59 | 135 | United Kingdom |
| Social Psychology | 1 | 1,117 | 2,23 | 33 | 53,12 | 97 | Germany |
| Social Psychology Quarterly | 1 | 1,106 | 1,57 | 81 | 56,38 | 61 | United States |
| Sociological Quarterly | 1 | 0,507 | 1,14 | 58 | 65,71 | 108 | United States |
| South African Journal of Psychology | 1 | 0,378 | 1,20 | 32 | 38,28 | 145 | United States |
| Spanish Journal of Psychology | 1 | 0,389 | 2,43 | 38 | 42,73 | 252 | United Kingdom |
| The Lancet Psychiatry | 1 | 6,967 | 17,42 | 65 | 17,42 | 995 | United Kingdom |
| TPM - Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology | 1 | 0,350 | 1,15 | 17 | 54,26 | 101 | Italy |
| Violence Against Women | 1 | 0,888 | 2,58 | 90 | 53,94 | 277 | United States |
| Women’s Health Issues | 1 | 1,251 | 2,51 | 56 | 40,58 | 293 | Netherlands |
| Note: | |||||||
|
SJR = Scimago Journal Rank Indicator; CitesDoc2years = Average number of citations per document in a 2-year period; Hindex = H Index (h number of articles that have been cited at least h times); RefDoc = Average number of references per document in 2019; TotalDocs3years = Number of articles published in 2017, 2018, 2019 |
To gain a broad understanding of the interest development we plotted the yearly average H Index (Figure 19) and yearly average of the journals’ citations per paper over time (Figure 20). It should be noted that the citation per paper metric is based in the years of 2018/19 and might not represent the citation impact of the journals at the time of the publications. Yet the metric should offer a first insight into average level of journal outlet selected by the authors. Also note that confidence bands are only calculated for a yearly N > 1 and only displayed with two or more consecutive years of data.
Figure 19: Line graph of average H Index over time.
Figure 20: Histogram of the publication year for all included results.
Keywords
In the Scimago database each journal is assigned a set of keywords capturing their publication topics. Assessing these might offer a better understanding of the types of Journal and readership that are targeted by the authors. We assess the frequency of keyword lists (i.e., combinations of keywords, see Table 17) as well as the frequency of all available individual keywords (see Table 18).
Note on possible follow-up: It would be cool to use topic modeling (machine learning) to relate the Journal keywords to the domains and dimensions. For example, using Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA).
| Keyword | Frequency |
|---|---|
| Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health; Epidemiology | 53 |
| Business and International Management; Sociology and Political Science; Social Psychology | 43 |
| Social Psychology | 26 |
| Psychology (miscellaneous) | 19 |
| Anthropology; Cultural Studies; Social Psychology | 14 |
| Social Psychology; Sociology and Political Science | 12 |
| Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Medicine (miscellaneous); Psychology (miscellaneous) | 10 |
| Medicine (miscellaneous); Psychiatry and Mental Health | 9 |
| Nursing (miscellaneous) | 9 |
| Clinical Psychology; Psychiatry and Mental Health | 8 |
| Psychiatry and Mental Health | 8 |
| Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 8 |
| Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Psychology (miscellaneous) | 6 |
| Psychiatric Mental Health | 6 |
| Social Psychology; Social Work | 6 |
| Health (social science); Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 5 |
| Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Psychology (miscellaneous); Developmental and Educational Psychology; Psychiatry and Mental Health | 4 |
| Education; Health (social science); Social Work | 4 |
| Education; Sociology and Political Science | 4 |
| Health (social science); History and Philosophy of Science; Medicine (miscellaneous) | 4 |
| Health (social science); Psychiatry and Mental Health | 4 |
| Health (social science); Social Work; Applied Psychology; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 4 |
| Multidisciplinary | 4 |
| Sociology and Political Science | 4 |
| Anthropology; Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | 3 |
| Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Cultural Studies; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 3 |
| Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Sociology and Political Science; Developmental and Educational Psychology | 3 |
| Developmental and Educational Psychology; Education | 3 |
| Developmental and Educational Psychology; Education; Life-span and Life-course Studies; Social Psychology; Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Developmental Neuroscience | 3 |
| Developmental and Educational Psychology; Education; Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health; Social Work | 3 |
| Epidemiology; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 3 |
| Gerontology; Psychiatric Mental Health; Psychiatry and Mental Health; Geriatrics and Gerontology | 3 |
| Health (social science); Geriatrics and Gerontology | 3 |
| Medicine (miscellaneous) | 3 |
| Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health; Social Psychology | 3 |
| Sociology and Political Science; Social Psychology | 3 |
| Aging; Developmental and Educational Psychology; Geriatrics and Gerontology | 2 |
| Anthropology; Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Psychology (miscellaneous) | 2 |
| Anthropology; Cultural Studies; Linguistics and Language; Social Psychology | 2 |
| Anthropology; Cultural Studies; Sociology and Political Science | 2 |
| Applied Psychology | 2 |
| Applied Psychology; Social Psychology | 2 |
| Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous); Education; Psychology (miscellaneous) | 2 |
| Clinical Psychology; Applied Psychology | 2 |
| Communication; Strategy and Management | 2 |
| Community and Home Care; Gerontology; Health (social science); Life-span and Life-course Studies; Sociology and Political Science; Geriatrics and Gerontology | 2 |
| Demography; Developmental and Educational Psychology; Life-span and Life-course Studies | 2 |
| Developmental and Educational Psychology; Education; Social Psychology; Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | 2 |
| Developmental and Educational Psychology; Life-span and Life-course Studies | 2 |
| Developmental and Educational Psychology; Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health; Psychiatry and Mental Health; Social Psychology | 2 |
| Education; Psychology (miscellaneous) | 2 |
| Epidemiology; Health (social science); Psychiatry and Mental Health; Social Psychology | 2 |
| Health (social science); Medicine (miscellaneous); Psychiatry and Mental Health; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 2 |
| Health Policy; Health (social science); Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 2 |
| Health Professions (miscellaneous) | 2 |
| Infectious Diseases; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health; Social Psychology | 2 |
| Life-span and Life-course Studies | 2 |
| Life-span and Life-course Studies; Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Sociology and Political Science | 2 |
| Psychology (miscellaneous); Social Psychology | 2 |
| Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | 2 |
| Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Social Psychology | 2 |
| Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Social Work | 2 |
| Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Sociology and Political Science | 2 |
| Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Sociology and Political Science; Social Work | 2 |
| Anthropology; Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Health (social science); Medicine (miscellaneous); Psychiatry and Mental Health | 1 |
| Anthropology; Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | 1 |
| Anthropology; Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Social Work | 1 |
| Anthropology; Social Psychology; Sociology and Political Science | 1 |
| Anthropology; Sociology and Political Science | 1 |
| Applied Psychology; Clinical Psychology | 1 |
| Applied Psychology; Communication; Computer Science Applications; Human-Computer Interaction; Medicine (miscellaneous); Social Psychology | 1 |
| Applied Psychology; Cultural Studies | 1 |
| Applied Psychology; Education; Life-span and Life-course Studies; Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management | 1 |
| Applied Psychology; Management Science and Operations Research; Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management; Social Psychology | 1 |
| Applied Psychology; Psychology (miscellaneous); Social Psychology | 1 |
| Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Clinical Psychology; Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis; Psychiatry and Mental Health | 1 |
| Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Developmental and Educational Psychology; Medicine (miscellaneous); Psychology (miscellaneous) | 1 |
| Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous); Psychology (miscellaneous); Social Psychology; Sociology and Political Science | 1 |
| Biological Psychiatry; Psychiatry and Mental Health | 1 |
| Business and International Management; Communication; Marketing | 1 |
| Business and International Management; Cultural Studies; Sociology and Political Science; Strategy and Management; Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management | 1 |
| Business and International Management; Marketing | 1 |
| Business and International Management; Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management | 1 |
| Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous); Political Science and International Relations; Sociology and Political Science | 1 |
| Clinical Psychology; Experimental and Cognitive Psychology | 1 |
| Clinical Psychology; Geriatrics and Gerontology; Gerontology; Health (social science); Life-span and Life-course Studies; Medicine (miscellaneous); Social Psychology; Sociology and Political Science | 1 |
| Clinical Psychology; Gerontology; Health (social science); Social Psychology; Geriatrics and Gerontology | 1 |
| Clinical Psychology; Medicine (miscellaneous); Psychiatry and Mental Health; Social Psychology | 1 |
| Communication | 1 |
| Communication; Language and Linguistics | 1 |
| Communication; Social Psychology; Sociology and Political Science; Developmental and Educational Psychology | 1 |
| Community and Home Care; Gerontology; Health (social science); Geriatrics and Gerontology | 1 |
| Cultural Studies; Anthropology; Sociology and Political Science | 1 |
| Cultural Studies; Education; Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Sociology and Political Science; Social Psychology | 1 |
| Cultural Studies; Psychiatry and Mental Health; Social Psychology | 1 |
| Developmental and Educational Psychology | 1 |
| Developmental and Educational Psychology; Life-span and Life-course Studies; Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Sociology and Political Science | 1 |
| Developmental and Educational Psychology; Psychiatry and Mental Health | 1 |
| Education; Applied Psychology; Developmental and Educational Psychology; Psychology (miscellaneous) | 1 |
| Education; E-learning | 1 |
| Education; Medicine (miscellaneous); Psychiatry and Mental Health | 1 |
| Epidemiology; Psychiatry and Mental Health | 1 |
| Experimental and Cognitive Psychology; Sensory Systems | 1 |
| Gender Studies; Law; Sociology and Political Science | 1 |
| Health (social science); Maternity and Midwifery; Obstetrics and Gynecology; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 1 |
| Health Policy; Nutrition and Dietetics; Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 1 |
| History; Literature and Literary Theory; Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Education | 1 |
| Issues, Ethics and Legal Aspects; Health Policy; Medicine (miscellaneous) | 1 |
| Language and Linguistics; Linguistics and Language; Psychology (miscellaneous) | 1 |
| Law; Health Policy; Health (social science); Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 1 |
| Law; Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Sociology and Political Science; Clinical Psychology | 1 |
| Life-span and Life-course Studies; Applied Psychology; Developmental and Educational Psychology | 1 |
| Marketing | 1 |
| Medicine (miscellaneous); Nursing (miscellaneous) | 1 |
| Medicine (miscellaneous); Nutrition and Dietetics | 1 |
| Medicine (miscellaneous); Psychiatry and Mental Health; Toxicology | 1 |
| Medicine (miscellaneous); Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 1 |
| Nursing (miscellaneous); Medicine (miscellaneous) | 1 |
| Nursing (miscellaneous); Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Social Work | 1 |
| Nutrition and Dietetics; Psychology (miscellaneous) | 1 |
| Obstetrics and Gynecology; Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health; Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health; Epidemiology | 1 |
| Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management; Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | 1 |
| Orthopedics and Sports Medicine | 1 |
| Pharmacology; Pharmacology (medical); Psychiatry and Mental Health; Toxicology | 1 |
| Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation; Sports Science | 1 |
| Psychiatry and Mental Health; Biological Psychiatry | 1 |
| Psychiatry and Mental Health; Psychology (miscellaneous) | 1 |
| Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health; Applied Psychology | 1 |
| Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health; Oncology | 1 |
| Religious Studies | 1 |
| Religious Studies; Clinical Psychology; Health (social science); Psychiatry and Mental Health | 1 |
| Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality; Physiology (medical) | 1 |
| Social Sciences (miscellaneous); Sociology and Political Science; Sports Science | 1 |
| Sociology and Political Science; Environmental Science (miscellaneous); Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management | 1 |
| Strategy and Management; Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management | 1 |
| Keyword | Frequency |
|---|---|
| Social Psychology | 137 |
| Sociology and Political Science | 93 |
| Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health | 92 |
| Epidemiology | 60 |
| Psychiatry and Mental Health | 55 |
| Psychology (miscellaneous) | 54 |
| Business and International Management | 47 |
| Medicine (miscellaneous) | 40 |
| Health (social science) | 39 |
| Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) | 34 |
| Developmental and Educational Psychology | 33 |
| Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | 32 |
| Anthropology | 29 |
| Education | 29 |
| Cultural Studies | 26 |
| Social Work | 23 |
| Applied Psychology | 19 |
| Clinical Psychology | 18 |
| Life-span and Life-course Studies | 17 |
| Geriatrics and Gerontology | 13 |
| Nursing (miscellaneous) | 12 |
| Psychiatric Mental Health | 9 |
| Gerontology | 8 |
| Communication | 7 |
| Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health | 7 |
| Health Policy | 5 |
| Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management | 5 |
| History and Philosophy of Science | 4 |
| Multidisciplinary | 4 |
| Strategy and Management | 4 |
| Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous) | 3 |
| Community and Home Care | 3 |
| Developmental Neuroscience | 3 |
| Law | 3 |
| Linguistics and Language | 3 |
| Marketing | 3 |
| Nutrition and Dietetics | 3 |
| Aging | 2 |
| Biological Psychiatry | 2 |
| Demography | 2 |
| Experimental and Cognitive Psychology | 2 |
| Health Professions (miscellaneous) | 2 |
| Infectious Diseases | 2 |
| Language and Linguistics | 2 |
| Obstetrics and Gynecology | 2 |
| Religious Studies | 2 |
| Sports Science | 2 |
| Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management | 2 |
| Toxicology | 2 |
| Computer Science Applications | 1 |
| E-learning | 1 |
| Environmental Science (miscellaneous) | 1 |
| Gender Studies | 1 |
| Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis | 1 |
| History | 1 |
| Human-Computer Interaction | 1 |
| Issues, Ethics and Legal Aspects | 1 |
| Literature and Literary Theory | 1 |
| Management Science and Operations Research | 1 |
| Maternity and Midwifery | 1 |
| Oncology | 1 |
| Orthopedics and Sports Medicine | 1 |
| Pharmacology | 1 |
| Pharmacology (medical) | 1 |
| Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation | 1 |
| Physiology (medical) | 1 |
| Political Science and International Relations | 1 |
| Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality | 1 |
| Sensory Systems | 1 |
| Note that journals can have multiple associated keywords. |
Fields
Beyond the keywords, the Scimago database classifies each journal according to the field(s) that the journal aims to address. These field codes aim to capture a higher level of academic classification (than the keywords). Importantly, (1) each journal can be be classified to address multiple fields and (2) the field include codes of fields (e.g., ‘Social Sciences’) as well as sub-fields (e.g., ‘Social Psychology’). This leads to the case that there can be quite a lot of overlap between fields and journals cannot easily or readily be assessed in mutually exclusive subgroups. Yet, one of the aims of this review is to assess differences between fields and disciplines. We aim to address this issue in the following section (go to: ‘Empirical: Disciplines’). However, we first need to gain a better udnerstanding of the fields that are addressed by the journals – both jointly and generally. We list the frequencies of all unique combinations (see Table 19, as well as the overall frequencies of all available field codes (see Table 20).
| Field Combination | Frequency |
|---|---|
| Medicine | 89 |
| Psychology; Social Sciences | 58 |
| Psychology | 57 |
| Business, Management and Accounting; Psychology; Social Sciences | 46 |
| Social Sciences | 34 |
| Medicine; Psychology | 19 |
| Medicine; Social Sciences | 18 |
| Arts and Humanities; Medicine; Psychology | 15 |
| Nursing | 15 |
| Medicine; Psychology; Social Sciences | 10 |
| Arts and Humanities; Medicine; Social Sciences | 8 |
| Medicine; Nursing | 8 |
| Arts and Humanities; Psychology; Social Sciences | 7 |
| Arts and Humanities; Psychology | 6 |
| Business, Management and Accounting; Social Sciences | 6 |
| Arts and Humanities; Social Sciences | 4 |
| Business, Management and Accounting | 4 |
| Medicine; Nursing; Social Sciences | 4 |
| Multidisciplinary | 4 |
| Health Professions | 3 |
| Neuroscience; Psychology; Social Sciences | 3 |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology; Medicine; Psychology | 2 |
| Medicine; Neuroscience | 2 |
| Medicine; Nursing; Psychology; Social Sciences | 2 |
| Medicine; Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics | 2 |
| Arts and Humanities | 1 |
| Arts and Humanities; Environmental Science; Medicine; Psychology | 1 |
| Arts and Humanities; Medicine; Psychology; Social Sciences | 1 |
| Business, Management and Accounting; Decision Sciences; Psychology | 1 |
| Business, Management and Accounting; Environmental Science; Social Sciences | 1 |
| Computer Science; Medicine; Psychology; Social Sciences | 1 |
| Engineering; Medicine | 1 |
| Health Professions; Social Sciences | 1 |
| Neuroscience; Psychology | 1 |
| Nursing; Psychology | 1 |
| Nursing; Social Sciences | 1 |
| Field | Frequency |
|---|---|
| Psychology | 231 |
| Social Sciences | 205 |
| Medicine | 183 |
| Business, Management and Accounting | 58 |
| Arts and Humanities | 43 |
| Nursing | 31 |
| Neuroscience | 6 |
| Health Professions | 4 |
| Multidisciplinary | 4 |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 2 |
| Environmental Science | 2 |
| Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics | 2 |
| Computer Science | 1 |
| Decision Sciences | 1 |
| Engineering | 1 |
| Note that journals can target multitple fields. |
To gain a more intuitive understanding of how the individual codes relate to the joint journal field codes we combined the previous two tables into a single Sankey diagram (see Figure 21). By highlighting a field category (e.g., Psychology) one gains an understanding of how many journals address the field and also compare the frequency of each of the fields in comparison with one another.
To Do: Find Alternative (?)
N on either side off because Sankey flow charts originate from energy sciences where energy can’t increase without external addition. Maybe visualizations of data flow charts. They should have the same problem because the same information can to multiple targets.
Figure 21: Sankey graph showing the individual field frequencies and their combined composition in the journal codes.
Empirical: Disciplines
To summarize the articles further we then classified the field combinations into superordinate discipline codes. These discipline codes are based in part on U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP), the U.K. Higher Education Statistics Agency Joint Academic Coding System (JACS 3.0), the Australian Bureau of Statistics’ Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification (ANZSRC 2020), as well as the Fields of Knowledge Map from the ‘Things Made Thinkable’ initiative.
Coding
In a first step we used the highest categories available (Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities, Professions and Applied Sciences, Natural Sciences, Formal Sciences, and Multidisciplinary) to summarize the fields. The Scimago database included some superordinate discipline codes (i.e., Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities) so we used these if a single discipline code was chosen by a journal. We then recoded the fields that did not have a superordinate discipline code or had multiple (see Table 21, for the disciplines associated to each field combination).
| Fields | Discipline #1 |
|---|---|
| Business, Management and Accounting; Environmental Science; Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Business, Management and Accounting; Psychology; Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Business, Management and Accounting; Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Health Professions; Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Medicine; Nursing; Psychology; Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Medicine; Nursing; Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Medicine; Psychology; Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Medicine; Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Neuroscience; Psychology; Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Nursing; Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Psychology | Social Sciences |
| Psychology; Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Social Sciences | Social Sciences |
| Arts and Humanities; Medicine; Psychology | Arts and Humanities |
| Arts and Humanities; Psychology | Arts and Humanities |
| Business, Management and Accounting | Professions and Applied Sciences |
| Medicine | Professions and Applied Sciences |
| Medicine; Neuroscience | Professions and Applied Sciences |
| Medicine; Nursing | Professions and Applied Sciences |
| Nursing | Professions and Applied Sciences |
| Arts and Humanities; Medicine; Social Sciences | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Arts and Humanities; Psychology; Social Sciences | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Arts and Humanities; Social Sciences | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology; Medicine; Psychology | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Business, Management and Accounting; Decision Sciences; Psychology | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Medicine; Psychology | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Multidisciplinary | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
To Do: Sankey here
This one works for Sankey diagram.
Categorization in this – highest order – manner led to the following subgroup frequencies (see Table 22):
| Discipline #1 | Frequency |
|---|---|
| Social Sciences | 241 |
| Professions and Applied Sciences | 118 |
| Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary | 45 |
| Arts and Humanities | 21 |
This higher-order discipline-coding had two major concerns. Firstly, the category of ‘Social Sciences’ was too large and heterogeneous and secondly, the medical and health related fields were not sufficiently distinguished from the other categories (i.e., either as part of ‘Social Sciences’ or ‘Applied Sciences’). We, therefore, created a second discipline coding breaking the ‘Social Sciences’ and ‘Applied Sciences’ categories into major fields (psychology; business; medicine, nursing, & health). We retained the possibility of miscellaneous social sciences, arts and humanities, as well as multidisciplinary field codes (see Table 23, for the discipline codes associated with each fields code).
| Fields | Discipline #2 |
|---|---|
| Arts and Humanities; Psychology | Psychology |
| Arts and Humanities; Psychology; Social Sciences | Psychology |
| Psychology | Psychology |
| Psychology; Social Sciences | Psychology |
| Neuroscience; Psychology; Social Sciences | Psychology |
| Arts and Humanities; Medicine; Social Sciences | Medicine, Nursing, & Health |
| Health Professions; Social Sciences | Medicine, Nursing, & Health |
| Medicine | Medicine, Nursing, & Health |
| Medicine; Neuroscience | Medicine, Nursing, & Health |
| Medicine; Nursing | Medicine, Nursing, & Health |
| Medicine; Nursing; Social Sciences | Medicine, Nursing, & Health |
| Medicine; Social Sciences | Medicine, Nursing, & Health |
| Nursing | Medicine, Nursing, & Health |
| Nursing; Social Sciences | Medicine, Nursing, & Health |
| Business, Management and Accounting | Business |
| Business, Management and Accounting; Environmental Science; Social Sciences | Business |
| Business, Management and Accounting; Social Sciences | Business |
| Social Sciences | Social Sciences (miscellaneous) |
| Arts and Humanities; Medicine; Psychology | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Arts and Humanities; Social Sciences | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology; Medicine; Psychology | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Business, Management and Accounting; Decision Sciences; Psychology | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Business, Management and Accounting; Psychology; Social Sciences | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Medicine; Psychology | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Medicine; Psychology; Social Sciences | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Medicine; Nursing; Psychology; Social Sciences | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
| Multidisciplinary | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
Re-categorization led to the following subgroup frequencies (see Table 24):
| Discipline #2 | Frequency |
|---|---|
| Medicine, Nursing, & Health | 146 |
| Psychology | 131 |
| Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary | 103 |
| Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | 34 |
| Business | 11 |
Given the small number of ‘Business’ journals we reclassified these into the ‘Social Sciences (miscellaneous)’ category (see Table 25).
| Discipline #2 (adjusted) | Frequency |
|---|---|
| Medicine, Nursing, & Health | 146 |
| Psychology | 131 |
| Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary | 103 |
| Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | 45 |
This coding resulted in 4 relatively well-balanced categories with non of the fields having too few observations. In the following sections we use these discipline codes to assess some general differences in assessing and addressing acculturation.
Acculturation Terms
We first assess which terms the different disciplines use most frequently to describe the cultural adaptation process. We list the main terms the authors used in their paper to refer to cultural adaptation in Table 26.
| Term | Psychology | Medicine, Nursing, & Health | Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| acculturation | 94 | 125 | 24 | 58 |
| acculturation attitudes | 5 | 4 | ||
| adjustment | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| assimilation | 3 | 3 | 5 | 6 |
| ethnic identity | 3 | |||
| integration | 3 | 4 | 7 | 5 |
| acculturation orientation | 2 | 1 | ||
| acculturation preferences | 2 | 1 | ||
| aculturative stress | 2 | 3 | ||
| emotional acculturation | 2 | |||
| psychological adjustment | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| social integration | 2 | 3 | 2 | 4 |
| sociocultural adjustment | 2 | 4 | ||
| acculturation patterns | 1 | 1 | ||
| acculturative orientation | 1 | |||
| adaptation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| cultural identity change | 1 | |||
| migration | 1 | |||
| sociocultural adaptation | 1 | |||
| acculturation and enculturation | 1 | |||
| acculturation strategies | 2 | 2 | ||
| acculturative adjustment | 1 | |||
| americanization | 1 | |||
| cross-cultural adaptation | 1 | |||
| cross-cultural adjustment | 1 | |||
| cultural adaptation | 1 | |||
| cultural identification | 1 | |||
| cultural orientation | 1 | |||
| cultural transition | 1 | |||
| cultural transmission | 1 | |||
| culturing | 1 | |||
| economic integration | 1 | |||
| immigation success | 1 | |||
| intercultural adjustment | 1 | |||
| linguistic acculturation | 1 | |||
| mental health | 1 | |||
| national identity | 1 | |||
| psychological and sociocultural adjustment | 1 | |||
| psychological flourishing | 1 |
Data Collection Methods
We then compare the data collection methods most frequently used by the authors in the different disciplines (see Table 27 and Figure 22).
| Method | Psychology | Medicine, Nursing, & Health | Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| quantitative | 123 | 128 | 38 | 97 |
| mixed method | 3 | 10 | 4 | 5 |
| qualitative | 3 | 8 | 3 | 1 |
| review | 2 |
Figure 22: Stacked bar chart of data collection method by discipline.
Measures
We also assessed the use of different validated and novel measures used by authors in the various disciplines (see Table 28). Note, again, that a majority of the measurements are not previously standardized and are not shared across articles and disciplines.
| Measure | Psychology | Medicine, Nursing, & Health | Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| vancouver index of acculturation (via; ryder et al., 2000) | 5 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| abbreviated multidimensional acculturation scale | 3 | 1 | ||
| acculturation attitudes (arends-tóth & van de vijver, 2007) | 3 | 1 | ||
| acculturation attitudes scale | 3 | 2 | ||
| acculturation orientation/acculturation strategy | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| bicultural involvement questionnaire | 3 | 2 | ||
| brief acculturation rating scale for mexican americans–ii (arsma ii- sf) | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| emotional acculturation | 3 | |||
| language, identity, and behavioral acculturation scale | 3 | 1 | 6 | |
| relative acculturation extended model scale (real and ideal acculturation strategies and attitudes [raem]) | 3 | 2 | ||
| vancouver index of acculturation | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
| acculturation attitudes (icsey) | 2 | |||
| acculturation preferences | 2 | |||
| acculturation strategies scale (modified; kosic, 1998) | 2 | |||
| assimilation scale | 2 | |||
| general acculturation attitudes | 2 | |||
| identity subscale from language, identity, and behavioral acculturation scale | 2 | |||
| abbreviated multidimensional acculturation scale (amas) | 1 | 1 | ||
| abbreviated multidimensional acculturation scale (amas); multigroup ethnic identity measure (meim) | 1 | |||
| abbreviated multidimensional acculturation scale (amas); social connectedness in mainstream society (scmn) scale; and social connectedness in the ethnic community (sceth) scale | 1 | |||
| acculturation attitude scale (aas-16); sociocultural adjustment scale - revised (scas-r) | 1 | |||
| acculturation attitude scale (sam, 1995) | 1 | 1 | ||
| acculturation attitudes | 1 | |||
| acculturation attitudes (icsey) [assimilation subscale] | 1 | 1 | ||
| acculturation index (ai; ward & kennedy, 1994) | 1 | |||
| acculturation intergenerational conflict scale (aic) | 1 | |||
| acculturation orientation (based on horenczyk, 1996, 2000) | 1 | |||
| acculturation orientation (demes, & geeraert, 2014) | 1 | |||
| acculturation preference [unclear], intergroup contact [unclear] | 1 | |||
| acculturation preferences [own] | 1 | |||
| acculturation rating scale for mexican-americans - revised (arsma-ii) | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 |
| acculturation scale for vietnamese adolescents (asva) | 1 | |||
| acculturation strategies (mancini, & bottura, 2014); acculturation attitudes (mancini, & bottura, 2014) | 1 | 1 | ||
| acculturative stress, subjective well-being, flourishing | 1 | |||
| adapted acculturation scale for vietnamese adolescents (asva) | 1 | |||
| adapted cultual adaptation korean elderly | 1 | |||
| adapted soviet acculturation measure (sam-ii) | 1 | |||
| adopted language, identity, and behavioral acculturation scale | 1 | 1 | ||
| adult acculturation and resiliency scale | 1 | |||
| anticipated socio-cultural adaptation scale | 1 | |||
| asian american multidimensional acculturation scale (aamas; chung, kim, & abreu, 2004) | 1 | 1 | ||
| assimilation attitude [own] | 1 | |||
| attitudes towards minority culture maintenance and inter-ethnic contact scale | 1 | |||
| behavioral and psychological acculturation | 1 | |||
| bicultural involvement and adjustment scale | 1 | |||
| bicultural stress scale | 1 | |||
| bidimensional acculturation scale for hispanics | 1 | 2 | ||
| brief sense of community scale (bscs-8); indicators of acculturation domains (raem) | 1 | |||
| cultural identification [own], adapted vancouver index of acculturation (via; ryder et al., 2000) | 1 | |||
| cultural identity, feeling at home, well-being, perception of host society’s attitudes and policies toward them | 1 | |||
| cultural lifestyle inventory | 1 | |||
| cultural maintenance and adoptation | 1 | |||
| demands of immigration scale | 1 | |||
| dutch psychological acculturation scale, language use [own] | 1 | |||
| emotional fit with the typical majority patterns of emotion [own] | 1 | |||
| ethnic identification, language proficiency | 1 | |||
| ethnic identity [own] | 1 | |||
| ethnic identity questionnaire | 1 | |||
| european-american values scale for asian-americans - revised & asian-american values scale - revised | 1 | |||
| ghanaian acculturation survey (gas) | 1 | |||
| host community acculturation scale & immigrant acculturation scale | 1 | |||
| identification [own] | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| identification; identity; behavior; islamic beliefs; social network; cultural norms; language use, choice, and preference; attiudes towards turkish language | 1 | |||
| identitiy [own] | 1 | |||
| identity style inventory cultural transition | 1 | 1 | ||
| immigrant identity questionnaire (iiq) | 1 | |||
| integration well-being scale (amit, litwin) | 1 | |||
| intercultural strategies (assimilation, integration) | 1 | |||
| iranian acculturation scale | 1 | 1 | ||
| japanese american acculturation scale | 1 | |||
| language proficiency | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| language proficiency (icsey); cultural identity (icsey); acculturation behaviors - peer contacts & activities (icsey) | 1 | |||
| language proficiency [own] | 1 | 2 | ||
| language use [own] | 1 | 10 | 1 | 2 |
| language, number of years in new country, identity | 1 | |||
| mace’s (2004) acculturation index | 1 | |||
| minority and majority group contact (sim) | 1 | |||
| modified acculturation strategies and attitudes questionnaire, immigrants’ version | 1 | |||
| motivation for cultural maintenance (mcm); motivation for cultural exploration (mce) | 1 | |||
| multicultural ideology scale | 1 | |||
| multidimensional acculturative stress inventory | 1 | |||
| multidimensional measure of cultural identity scales for latinos and latinas | 1 | |||
| multigroup ethnic identity measure | 1 | 1 | ||
| multigroup ethnic identity measure–revised | 1 | |||
| mutual intercultural relations in plural societies - acculturation attitudes scale | 1 | 1 | ||
| mutual intercultural relations in plural societies - acculturation attitudes scale; sociocultural adaptation scale | 1 | |||
| number of initial pleasant experiences, percentage of initial experiences which were unpleasant, number of’ problems encountered upon arrival, satisfaction with friends, satisfaction with job, satisfaction with school, satisfaction with recreation, task competence, interpersonal comfort, recent symptoms, chronic symptoms, cultural competence (english vocabulary, number series, knowledge of australian slang, knowledge of australian culture - geography, history, politics, and celebrities) | 1 | |||
| participation and identification | 1 | |||
| perez ambiguous loss of homeland scale (palh) | 1 | |||
| psychological acculturation scale (tropp et al., 1999) | 1 | 1 | ||
| psychological adaptation, socio-cultural adjustment scale, economic adaptation | 1 | |||
| self-esteem, life satisfaction, subjective happiness, depression (reversed), anxiety (reversed), loneliness (reversed) | 1 | |||
| social integration in the community scale (from pcsq) | 1 | |||
| social participation [language use - own]; vancouver index of acculturation (via; ryder et al., 2000) | 1 | |||
| socio-cultural adaptation scale (29-item) | 1 | |||
| sociocultural adaptation scale (lsype) | 1 | |||
| stephenson multigroup acculturation scale | 1 | 4 | ||
| strategies of acculturation scale | 1 | |||
| suinn-lew asian self identity acculturation scale | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
| symptom checklist-90-revised scale, satisfaction with live scale, riverside acculturation stress inventory, bicultural identity integration scale | 1 | |||
| vancouver index of acculturation (via; ryder et al., 2000); self-esteem, subjective well-being; life satisfaction | 1 | |||
| 2 measures - attitudes (intrinsic) & extrinsic cultural traits | 1 | |||
| abbreviated acculturation modes for koreans (lee, sobal, and frongillo, 2003) | 1 | |||
| abridged general ethnicity questionnaire—american and chinese version | 1 | |||
| abridged general ethnicity questionnaire—american version (geqa) | 1 | |||
| acceptance of american cultural values; affinity for korean cultural identity | 1 | |||
| accultuation orientation (arends-tóth & van de vijver, 2004) | 1 | |||
| acculturation attitude scale (berry, 1989) | 1 | |||
| acculturation attitude scale (kim, 1988) | 1 | |||
| acculturation in australia | 1 | |||
| acculturation index | 1 | 1 | ||
| acculturation index (ai; ward & kennedy, 1994); identification | 1 | |||
| acculturation index (nesarc) | 1 | |||
| acculturation indicators (needham, et al., 2017) | 1 | |||
| acculturation rating scale for mexican americans-ii | 3 | |||
| acculturation rating scale for mexican americans-ii (language sub-scale) | 1 | |||
| acculturation rating scale for mexican-americans - revised (arsma-ii); mexican american cultural values scale (macvs) | 1 | |||
| acculturation scale (acc) | 1 | |||
| acculturation scale (cheung, 1995) | 1 | |||
| acculturation scale for southeast asians | 1 | |||
| acculturation scale for vietnamese adolescents (asva); multigroup ethnic identity measure | 1 | |||
| acculturation, habits and interests multicultural scale for adolescents (ahimsa) | 2 | |||
| acculturative dissonance (ad) | 1 | |||
| adapted acculturation rating scale for mexican-americans-ii (arsma-ii) (schaefer, et al., 2009) | 1 | |||
| adapted biculturalism scale (nagaraj, vyas, mcdonnell, dipietro) | 1 | |||
| adapted bidimensional acculturation scale for hispanics | 1 | 1 | ||
| adapted ethnic/cultural identity dimensions scale (eid scale) | 1 | |||
| adapted general ethnicity questionnaire | 1 | |||
| adapted hazuda scale | 1 | |||
| adapted measurement of acculturation strategies for people of african descent (maspad) - uk | 1 | |||
| adapted short acculturation scale for hispanics (marin, sabogal, marin, otero-sabogal, & perez-stable, 1987) | 1 | |||
| adjustment experience [own] | 1 | |||
| adjustments to u.s. national culture | 1 | |||
| affective adjustment | 1 | |||
| african american acculturation scale revised (klonoff & landrine, 2000) | 1 | |||
| american and puerto rican cultural involvement scales | 2 | |||
| asian indian dietary acculturation measure (aidam) | 1 | |||
| assimilation to french culture | 1 | |||
| attitudes toward homosexuality (ess) | 1 | |||
| attitudes towards majority culture, identification | 1 | |||
| background information, heritage culture maintenance, mobility strategies and personal ability, perceived justice, self-perceptions, community contacts | 1 | |||
| behavior subscale from language, identity, and behavioral acculturation scale | 1 | |||
| behavioral acculturation scale | 1 | 1 | ||
| belonging, cultural memory (identity and difference cultural), empathy and reciprocity, perfection of speech, adaption | 1 | |||
| bicultural identification | 1 | |||
| bicultural involvement questionnaire; acculturation rating scale for mexican-americans - revised (arsma-ii) | 1 | |||
| bicultural youth acculturation questionnaire | 1 | |||
| bidimensional acculturation scale | 1 | 1 | ||
| bidimensional acculturation scale for marriage-based immigrants (basmbi) | 1 | |||
| bidimensional model of acculturation for korean american older adults | 1 | |||
| brief acculturation rating scale for mexican americans | 1 | |||
| chis acculturation score | 2 | |||
| coging strategies, contacts, friendship, belonging | 1 | |||
| contentment and gratitude, a strong family concept, the concept of `face’, an urge for knowledge, a sense of crisis, faith in life, and the identity of a marginal man [own} | 1 | |||
| cultual adaptation korean elderly | 2 | |||
| cultural adaptation (jeong, & kim, 2016) | 1 | |||
| cultural adherence | 1 | |||
| cultural familiarity [own] | 1 | |||
| cultural identification | 1 | |||
| cultural orientation, interaction | 1 | |||
| cultural practice, and social networks | 1 | |||
| culture-transmission motive; cultural identity and biculturality | 1 | |||
| degree of difficulty in dealing with practical, social, and interpersonal communication problems | 1 | |||
| east asian acculturation measure | 1 | 1 | ||
| economic success, psychological well-being (sense of belonging, life satisfaction) | 1 | |||
| educational achievement [own], job prestige [own], income [own], generation [own] | 1 | |||
| employed [own] | 1 | |||
| employment status [own], diverse friends network outside ethnic community [own], association membership [own], ability to overcome difficulties [own], desire to remain [own] | 1 | |||
| ethnic label [own] | 1 | |||
| ethnic/cultural identity salience questionnaire | 1 | |||
| ethnocultural identity behavior index | 1 | |||
| expatriate cross-cultural adjustment scale | 1 | |||
| food similarity index (fsi) | 1 | |||
| food similarity index (fsi), mexican food [own] | 1 | |||
| frankfurt acculturation scale | 1 | |||
| frankfurt acculturation scale (frakk) | 1 | |||
| general acculturation index (gai) | 1 | |||
| geriatric depression scale - 30 | 1 | |||
| global acculturation index | 1 | |||
| hazuda scale [language use only] | 1 | |||
| host communication competence, host interpersonal communication, psychological health, functional fitness | 1 | |||
| immigrant acculturation scale | 3 | 1 | ||
| immigration policy lab (ipl) integration index | 1 | |||
| integration effort | 1 | |||
| intention to return home, agreement with native values & political identification | 1 | |||
| interactions [own] | 1 | |||
| intercultural adjustment potential scale (icaps) | 1 | |||
| interethnic contact | 1 | |||
| interview language | 1 | |||
| inventory of student adjustment, sociocultural adjustment scale, australian cultural knowledge (ack) questionnaire, cultural identiy subscale of collective self-esteem scale | 1 | |||
| italian-canadian acculturation scale (kim, laroche, & tomiuk, 2001) | 1 | |||
| korean version of the acculturation rating scale for mexican americans-ii | 1 | |||
| language | 1 | |||
| language acquisition, dual national identity, realised expectations | 1 | |||
| language barriers, and getting used to life in australia | 1 | |||
| language difficulties, social support, economic situation, prejudice | 1 | |||
| language fluency, prior employment | 1 | |||
| language proficiency [own], ethnic identification | 1 | |||
| language proficiency [own], identification [own], acculturation desire [own], marriage values [own], children ideals [own] | 1 | |||
| language proficiency [own], language use [own] | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| language proficiency [own], time of residence [own], media consumption [own], national visitors [own] | 1 | |||
| language proficiency [own]; language use [own] | 2 | |||
| language proficiency and length of residence | 1 | |||
| language proficiency, and cultural identity | 1 | |||
| language proficiency, language use, preferred language, food preferences, ethnicity of social contacts | 1 | |||
| language proficiency, languages use, preferred languages for media, food preference, ethnicity of close friends | 1 | |||
| language proficiency, length of residency, utilization of societal resources etc. | 1 | |||
| language proficiency, personal preference, social affiliation, lifestyle, and attachment to values and traditions | 1 | |||
| language proficiency, social support, cultural distance, contact | 1 | |||
| language skills [own], work status [own], ethnic identity [own] | 1 | |||
| language use | 1 | |||
| language use [own], community event participation [own] | 1 | |||
| language use [own], language preference media consumption [own] | 1 | |||
| language use, length of stay, friendship composition, generation, percentage of native-born persons in the respondent’s neighborhood, and percentage of non-coethnics in the respondent’s neighborhood [own] | 1 | |||
| language use, media behavior, social customs, social contacts, cultural identity, generational status | 1 | |||
| lanuage preference [own] | 1 | |||
| learning language, navigation, regulations | 1 | |||
| leisure participation | 1 | |||
| level of acculturation to korean life | 1 | |||
| life satisfaction index a | 1 | |||
| locus of control, giving and receiving, individualism-collectivism, | 1 | |||
| lowlands acculturation scale | 3 | |||
| marital assimilation [own] | 1 | 1 | ||
| mental health continuum short form (mhc-sf) | 1 | |||
| migrant integration indexes (lindstorm, 2019) | 1 | |||
| modified lowlands acculturation scale | 1 | |||
| modified suinn-lew asian self-identity acculturation scale | 1 | |||
| multicultural acculturation questionnaire | 1 | |||
| multidimensional acculturative stress scale | 2 | |||
| multigroup ethnic identity measure revised | 1 | 1 | ||
| multigroup ethnic identity measure; acculturation attitudes (arends-tóth & van de vijver, 2007) | 1 | |||
| national identification [own] | 1 | |||
| national identity | 1 | |||
| palmer et al.’s 2007 acculturation scale | 1 | |||
| perfectionism, coping, problem solving, acculturation stress, self-esteem, distress, language proficiency, social support | 1 | |||
| pooyan behavioral scale | 1 | |||
| primary language [own], cultural fluency [own], cultural orientation [own] | 1 | |||
| proportion of native friends, feelings of inclusion, satisfaction with employment, accommodation, and life | 1 | |||
| proxy acculturation scale (pas-3 and pas-4) | 5 | |||
| proxy acculturation scale (pas-3) | 2 | |||
| psychological acculturation scale | 1 | |||
| psychological acculturation scale, massachusetts hispanic elderly study acculturation scale | 1 | |||
| psychological well-being questionnaire, emotional state questionnaire, satisfaction level questionnaire, 90-symptom checklist | 1 | |||
| reactions to assimilation expectations | 1 | |||
| relative acculturation extended model scale (real and ideal acculturation strategies and attitudes) | 1 | |||
| revised haitian acculturation scale | 1 | |||
| satisfaction with migration life scale | 1 | |||
| self-reported life satisfaction | 1 | |||
| sense of belinging [own], language use [own], social network [own] | 1 | |||
| short acculturation scale (marin, sabogal, marin, otero-sabogal, & perez-stable, 1987) | 1 | |||
| short acculturation scale for filipino americans | 1 | |||
| short acculturation scale for hispanics | 3 | |||
| short acculturation scale for hispanics (marin, sabogal, marin, otero-sabogal, & perez-stable, 1987) | 7 | |||
| social adaptation structured interview, social adjustment questionnaire | 1 | |||
| social contacts [own] | 1 | |||
| social integration | 1 | |||
| social integration index (dalgard, & thapa, 2007) | 1 | |||
| social markers of acculturation | 1 | |||
| social readjustment rating scale | 1 | |||
| social support list - interactions scale | 1 | |||
| socio-cultural adaptation scale | 1 | |||
| sociocultural adaptation - school adjustment (icsey); psychological adaptation - life satisfaction (icsey); psychological adaptation - self esteem (icsey); psychological adaptation - psychological problems (icsey); sociocultural adaptation - behavior problems (icsey) | 1 | |||
| sociocultural difficulties (unclear origin) | 1 | |||
| speaking english at home [own] | 1 | 1 | ||
| spheres of sociocultural adjustment | 1 | |||
| structured interview | 1 | |||
| suinn-lew asian self-identity accultururation scale (sl-asia) | 2 | |||
| survey language [own] | 1 | |||
| time in country, maintanance hertiage culture, adaptation host culture, social support migrant community, social support host community | 1 | |||
| trust [own], civic engagment measure | 1 | |||
| van manen’s approach to phenomenology | 1 | |||
| virgin island acculturation scale (tull, ambrose, & chambers, 2003) | 1 | |||
| working hours [own] | 1 | |||
| NA | 1 |
To Do!
It seems as if there are still some inconsistencies and spelling problems in the terms and measures.
Interest over time
As with the overall developments we also assessed the publication developments within the individual disciplines. Article ublication developments over time should indicate empirical interest in the topic of acculturation in the disciplines over time. We offer a global, developmental overview of the fields in Figure 23, as well as a visualization that further distinguishes between data collection types within the fields (see Figure 24).
Figure 23: Histogram of the publication year for all included results.
Figure 24: Density plot of the yearly publication frequency for by data collection method.
Sample
To gain a deeper understanding of the study setups in the empirical studies we coded the type of sample recruited within each of the disciplines (see Figure 25).
Figure 25: Bar graph of the study samples used in the empirical studies. Note: general = any migrant from specified country (no targeting).
Again the category general refers to a sampling strategy in which any consenting adult would be able to participate in the study.
Beyond the sample group itself we also coded which time point in the migration process was targeted within each discipline. Table 29 showcases that an overwhelming majority of studies targets migrants only after they had left their country of origin.
| MigrationTime | Psychology | Medicine, Nursing, & Health | Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| post | 128 | 142 | 44 | 99 |
| pre & post | 2 | 4 | 3 | |
| potential | 1 | 1 |
Similarly, only a minority of studies included data on the acculturation process from the majority and migrant perspective jointly. And there is a stark contrast between the disciplines in how many of the total papers included the majority group (see Table 30).
| Includes Majority | Psychology | Medicine, Nursing, & Health | Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| no | 109 | 126 | 40 | 82 |
| yes | 22 | 20 | 4 | 21 |
Dimensions
Again, a major focus of our coding was the role of affect, behavior, cognition, and desires in the each of the disciplines. Figure 26 shows how often each of the four dimensions was coded in each of the disciplines. Note that in order better compare the disciplines we output percentages in most of the figures of this section.
Figure 26: Bar graph of the counts for each of the dimensions across all included empirical works.
Again, we also plot how often each of the dimensions were measured together. A bar graph of the compound frequencies in each discipline is shown Figure 27 and parallel coordinates graph is shown in Figure ??. Interestingly, there are certain dimensions and dimension combinations that are missing in some of the disciplines. There was, for example, not a single article in the psychological discipline that only measured behavioral acculturation a dimension that was important in all other disciplines.
Figure 27: Bar graph of the counts for each of the dimension combinations.
To Do: Alternative needed (?)
Parallel coordinates plot is frequently recommended in the literature of multidimensional visualizations but does not paint a clear picture here - in my opinion. Look for alternative.
Domains
We also, again, coded which life domains the acculturation measures referred to within each of the disciplines. Again, these were life domains referred to either as part of subscale labels, factor labels, explicit commentary of the authors, or clear question wordings (see Table 31 and Figure 28).
| Domain | Psychology | Medicine, Nursing, & Health | Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N/A | 71 | 95 | 31 | 46 |
| general | 33 | 22 | 6 | 26 |
| Private domain (celebrations, eating food, child-rearing practices, cultural habits, cultural way oflife, self-reported cultural identity, and attributed cultural identity as seen by the respondent). Public domain (social contacts, friends at school, speaking the language, reading the language, education and courses, teachers, news and information, and reading newspapers). | 3 | 1 | ||
| cultural traditions, language, marriage, social activities, friends | 2 | 1 | ||
| stress (neg.) | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
| values | 2 | |||
| work, economic, social relations, family relations, religion, and ways of thinking | 2 | 2 | ||
| adaptation | 1 | |||
| clothing, pace of life, general knowledge, food, religious beliefs, material comfort, recreational activities, self-identity, family life, accommodation/residence, values, friendships, communication styles, cultural activities, language, employment activities, perceptions of co-nationals, perceptions of host nationals, political ideology, worldview, social customs | 1 | |||
| cognitive information processing | 1 | 1 | ||
| cross-cultural contact and culture maintenance | 1 | |||
| emotional belonging | 1 | |||
| growth (pos.) | 1 | |||
| identification | 1 | 1 | ||
| identity | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| langauge, number of years in new country, identity | 1 | |||
| language skills, work, intercultural relations, discrimination, cultural/ethnic makeup of the community, identity, and well being | 1 | |||
| language use, extrafamilial language use, social affiliation, cultural familiarity, and cultural identification and pride | 1 | |||
| language, friendship, culture | 1 | |||
| language, interaction, media, food | 1 | 2 | ||
| loss, novelty, adaptation to work, adaptation to language, discrimination, and not feeling at home | 1 | |||
| personal and social adjustment | 1 | 1 | ||
| psychological, socio-cultural, economic | 1 | |||
| ? | 1 | |||
| contact, upbringing, language, culture, education | 1 | |||
| cultural identiy, language, cultural knowledge, food consumption | 1 | |||
| cultural practice, and social networks | 1 | |||
| Current socio-economic status, host culture, host identification, Affinity to hertitage culture, Housing, Social relations, Children’s schooling, Psychological integration, Basic language proficiency, Political integration, Preservation of socio-economic status, Adopting host life style | 1 | |||
| degree of difficulty in dealing with practical, social, and interpersonal communication problems | 1 | |||
| depression | 2 | |||
| Emotional regulation, Openness, Flexibility, Creativity | 1 | |||
| extrinsic and intrinsic cultural traits | 1 | |||
| foods, music, customs, language, close friends | 1 | |||
| friendship, children, cultural activity, media consumption, living in the neighbourhood | 1 | |||
| government responsibility; holiday celebrations; economic principles; child rearing practices; social customs; and sporting | 1 | |||
| integration strategies | 1 | |||
| intention to return home, values, politics | 1 | |||
| language choice, identity, friendship choice, acculturative behaviours, generation/geographic background, and attitudes | 1 | |||
| language difficulties, social support, economic situation, prejudice | 1 | |||
| language use | 4 | 1 | ||
| language use, customs, cultural value, perceived discrimination, sociability | 1 | |||
| language use, mass media exposure, social interactions, identification, attachment | 1 | |||
| language use, social contact | 4 | |||
| language, affiliation, general | 1 | |||
| language, behaviors, social relations, sense of belonging, familiarity | 1 | |||
| language, contact, social support, cultural distance | 1 | |||
| language, employment | 1 | |||
| language, food, friends, customs | 1 | |||
| language, holidays, friends | 1 | |||
| language, media consumption, food consumption, social relations, sense of belonging, and familiarity with culture | 1 | 1 | ||
| language, religion, alienation and belonging, traditions, customs, media, clothing, living conditions | 1 | |||
| languages, food, close friends | 1 | |||
| leisure | 1 | |||
| life changes | 1 | |||
| life satisfaction | 1 | |||
| practical, social and interpersonal communication problems | 1 | |||
| psychological and sociocultural adjustment | 1 | |||
| psychological, economic, political, social, linguistic, and navigational | 1 | |||
| Social, residential, personal | 1 | |||
| sociocultural adaptation | 1 | |||
| success | 1 | |||
| tradition | 1 | |||
| vocational stress | 1 |
Figure 28: Wordcloud of the scale domains in empirical results.
Focus of the Paper
For the empirical works we also coded the main focus of the papers in each of the disciplines. The wordclouds of the topics within each discipline illustrate that the different disciplines also focus on different topics related to cultural adaptation (see Figure 29).
Figure 29: Wordcloud of the article foci in the empirical results.
Countries
Similar to our overall overview we also assessed whether different disciplines relied on different migrant regions or host countries. Again, we coded both the migrants’ country of origin as well as the country of the receiving society, in which the study was conducted for each discipline (see Table 32).
| Country | Psychology | Medicine, Nursing, & Health | Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Host | ||||
| United States | 36 | 100 | 24 | 43 |
| Australia | 13 | 6 | 2 | 8 |
| any | 9 | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| Canada | 9 | 4 | 4 | 13 |
| Germany | 8 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
| Spain | 8 | 1 | 6 | |
| Israel | 7 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| Italy | 7 | 1 | 3 | |
| Netherlands | 7 | 7 | 1 | 3 |
| New Zealand | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Russia | 5 | 1 | ||
| Belgium | 4 | |||
| Switzerland | 4 | 1 | ||
| Canda | 3 | 1 | 1 | |
| Greece | 3 | 5 | 2 | |
| Portugal | 3 | |||
| The Netherlands | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| United Kingdom | 3 | 1 | 1 | |
| Finnland | 2 | 1 | ||
| France | 2 | 3 | ||
| Hong Kong | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Belgian | 1 | |||
| Britain | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| Finland | 1 | 1 | ||
| Latvia | 1 | |||
| Mauritius | 1 | |||
| N/A | 1 | |||
| Scotland | 1 | |||
| Austria | 1 | |||
| Chile | 1 | |||
| China | 1 | |||
| Crete | 1 | |||
| Europe | 2 | |||
| Israel; Germany | 1 | |||
| Korea | 4 | 1 | ||
| Northern Ireland | 1 | |||
| Norway | 2 | 2 | ||
| Saudi Arabia | 1 | |||
| Singapore | 1 | |||
| South Africa | 1 | |||
| South Korea | 1 | |||
| Sweden | 1 | 1 | ||
| Taiwan | 2 | |||
| Thailand | 2 | |||
| Turkey | 1 | |||
| UK | 1 | |||
| Unites States | 1 | |||
| Unitest States | 1 | |||
| Virgin Islands | 1 | |||
| Origin | ||||
| any | 36 | 23 | 15 | 25 |
| China | 11 | 15 | 6 | 8 |
| Soviet Union | 10 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| former Soviet Union | 8 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| Korea | 8 | 15 | 3 | 4 |
| Latinx | 6 | 1 | 1 | |
| Russia | 6 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| LatinX | 5 | 20 | 5 | 10 |
| Marocco | 5 | 1 | 3 | |
| Turkey | 5 | 5 | 1 | 3 |
| Africa | 4 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Romania | 4 | 1 | ||
| Ethiopia | 3 | |||
| India | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 |
| Japan | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Poland | 3 | 1 | 1 | |
| Vietnam | 3 | 9 | 4 | |
| Albania | 2 | 1 | ||
| Croatia | 2 | |||
| Czechoslovacia | 2 | |||
| Ghana | 2 | 1 | ||
| Hispanic | 2 | 4 | ||
| Iran | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
| Mexico | 2 | 14 | 2 | 4 |
| North Africa | 2 | 2 | ||
| Sri Lanka | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| Sudan | 2 | |||
| Syria | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| Taiwan | 2 | |||
| Tajikistan | 2 | |||
| Uzbekistan | 2 | |||
| Asia | 1 | 14 | 2 | 7 |
| Cambodia | 1 | 3 | 1 | |
| Caribbeans | 1 | |||
| Congo | 1 | |||
| Dominican Republic | 1 | 1 | ||
| Ecuador | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Ecuadorian | 1 | |||
| Equador | 1 | 1 | ||
| Eritrea | 1 | 1 | ||
| Former Soviet Union | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Former Soviet Union Jews | 1 | |||
| former USSR | 1 | |||
| Hispanics | 1 | 1 | ||
| Hong Kong | 1 | 1 | ||
| Iraq | 1 | 2 | ||
| Kazakhstan | 1 | |||
| Kyrgyzstan | 1 | |||
| Latin America | 1 | |||
| Malaysia | 1 | 1 | ||
| Moroccan | 1 | |||
| Myanmar | 1 | 1 | ||
| N/A | 1 | |||
| New Zealand | 1 | |||
| Pakistan | 1 | 2 | 2 | |
| Pakistani | 1 | |||
| People’s Republic of China | 1 | |||
| Phillipines | 1 | 1 | ||
| Portugal | 1 | 1 | ||
| Romanian | 1 | |||
| Somalia | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 |
| South Asia | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
| South Korea | 1 | |||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 1 | 2 | ||
| Tunesia | 1 | |||
| Turkmenistan | 1 | |||
| Ukraine | 1 | |||
| Yugoslavia | 1 | 1 | ||
| “visibly different” immigrants | 1 | |||
| Afghanistan | 1 | |||
| African | 1 | 1 | ||
| African Cribbean | 1 | |||
| Afro-Colombian | 1 | |||
| Arab | 1 | 1 | ||
| Asian | 2 | 1 | ||
| Asian Indian | 1 | |||
| Australasia | 1 | |||
| Bosnia | 1 | 3 | ||
| Brazil | 1 | |||
| Britain | 1 | |||
| Central America | 1 | |||
| Colombia | 1 | 1 | ||
| Cuba | 1 | |||
| East Asian | 1 | |||
| Ethopia | 1 | |||
| Finland | 1 | |||
| former Yugoslavia | 1 | |||
| Haiti | 1 | |||
| Hmong | 1 | 2 | ||
| Hungary | 1 | |||
| Indonesia | 1 | |||
| Israel | 1 | 1 | ||
| Italy | 1 | |||
| Jamaica | 1 | |||
| Jordan | 1 | |||
| Kurdistan | 1 | |||
| Laos | 2 | 1 | ||
| Latina | 2 | |||
| Latinas | 1 | |||
| Lebanon | 1 | |||
| Many | 1 | |||
| Mexican | 1 | |||
| Middle East | 1 | |||
| Morocco | 1 | |||
| multiple | 1 | |||
| Muslims | 1 | 1 | ||
| Nepal | 1 | |||
| Nigeria | 1 | 2 | ||
| non-western | 1 | |||
| North Korea | 1 | |||
| Palestine | 1 | |||
| Philippines | 2 | |||
| Pontic Greeks | 1 | |||
| Puerto Rico | 2 | |||
| Russia (CIS) | ||||
| Senegal | 1 | |||
| Southeast Asia | 2 | 1 | ||
| spanish speaking | 1 | |||
| sub-Saharan Africa | 1 | |||
| Surinam | 1 | |||
| West Africa | 1 | |||
Analysis
Finally, we also coded what kind of analyses the authors conducted with the acculturation measurements in each of the fields (see Table 33).
| Analysis | Psychology | Medicine, Nursing, & Health | Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| regression (incl. PROCESS) | 62 | 101 | 22 | 48 |
| SEM | 20 | 4 | 4 | 11 |
| mean difference | 13 | 12 | 6 | 11 |
| correlation | 9 | 8 | 3 | 6 |
| validation | 7 | 7 | 2 | 10 |
| longitudinal (dynamic) | 6 | 4 | 6 | |
| descriptive (static) | 5 | 5 | 1 | 2 |
| cluster | 2 | 1 | 3 | |
| lagged regression | 2 | 1 | ||
| dynamic | 1 | |||
| lagged (dynamic) | 1 | 1 | ||
| N/A | 1 | 2 | ||
| Social Network Analysis | 1 | |||
| static | 1 | |||
| content analysis | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
| participant selection | 1 | 1 | ||
| path analysis | 1 | |||
| phenomenological praxis | 1 |
Additionally, we coded where in the model the acculturation measure was placed most frequently in each of the disciplines (see Table 34).
| Variable Type | Psychology | Medicine, Nursing, & Health | Social Sciences (miscellaneous) | Multidisciplinary / Crossdisciplinary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor | 61 | 110 | 19 | 44 |
| Dependent | 41 | 19 | 17 | 39 |
| Predictor & Dependent | 13 | 3 | 3 | 5 |
| Correlation | 7 | 9 | 3 | 5 |
| Mediator | 7 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Moderator | 1 | 1 | 3 | |
| N/A | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
| Control | 1 | |||
| selection criterion | 1 | 1 | ||
| validation; Predictor | 1 |
Discussion
To be written.
Notes
To Do:
- Visualize migration patterns on map (from area to area; problem: meaningfully convert regions to countries)
- Visualize ABCD co-occurrences meaningfully (alternative for network and parallel coordinates plots)
- Fix Sankey illustration
- Potentially: It would be cool to use topic modeling (machine learning) to relate the Journal keywords to the domains and dimensions. For example, using Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA).
References
Arends-Tóth, J., & Vijver, F. J. R. van de. (2007). Acculturation Attitudes: A Comparison of Measurement Methods. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(7), 1462–1488. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00222.x
Celenk, O., & Van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2011). Assessment of Acculturation: Issues and Overview of Measures. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 8(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1105
Maestas, M. V. (2000). Acculturation and ethnic identity measures for Latinos and Asian Americans: Analyses of methodology and psychometrics [PhD thesis]. University of Nebraska - Lincoln.
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